Principle of Turbine Governing

INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNING SYSTEM

 The main function of turbine governing system is to control the speed and load at all
operating conditions by positioning steam inlet control valves.

 Turbine governing system covers all protections to safeguard the unit operation.

 The governing system uses input from turbine-generator speed, megawatt, pressure and
various supervisory instruments fitted on field and produce output signal to control steam inlet
valves or to trip the turbine in case of abnormality.

 DEH governing uses high-pressure EH fluid a s a motive force to position the steam
inlet valves in response to electrical commands from the microprocessor controller.

 As this governing system uses high pressure oil, this type of governing is also called
a s “High Pressure Governing” system.

Confidential Slide
Mechanical governor

Fly Balls

Elastic Medium
Fulcrum

sleeve
CV
Steam
AC
ST

Bevel gear

Confidential Exhaust Slide

  Function:

A fly-weight governor is a mechanical device. Two weights are

attached to a spindle. The spindle is driven by the turbine shaft
through a bevel or worm gear. As the spindle rotates, centrifugal force
causes the weights to be thrown outwards. The motion produces a
force on an elastic medium (e.g. spring) which is connected to the
sleeve. The sleeve is raised as the speed increases & falls when the
speed is reduced.

Centrifugal force & spring compression maintain a balance.

Mainly used in small captive power plants having capacity < 1MW and
in LMW turbines

Confidential Slide
 Speed differential is related to the sleeve stroke which is specified
by appropriate sizing of weights & spring.

The speed differential can be varied by changing the spring

stiffness while retaining the same fly balls.

The adjustment of rated speed or average speed is carried out with

approximately constant speed differential & weights by varying
compression of the governor spring.

Confidential Slide
Hydraulic Governor
EHC
Speeder Gear
Hyd.Speed Gov

LSRSV Hyd. Converter

DRAIN HPSO
IPSO
Primary Oil
TRIP
LSR OIL
IPST
Hydraulic TX HPS
T DRAIN

Confidential Slide
Speed Vs Primary Oil Pressure
Over speed trip
3300
C
3150
Operating
Speed
B
2850 Range
Turbine Linear
Speed Relationship
(rpm) A For
2400 Governor Governing
Assumes
Control
signal

1.4 1.9 2.3 2.6

Primary Oil Pressure ( Ksc)
Confidential Slide
EH Fluid System

 MAIN FLUID PUMPS

• Pumps are variable flow, constant pressure, positive displacements plungers pumps
• Out of two main fluid pumps of same capacity , one running and one in standby
mode
 EH Oil Supply System Control Block.
One control block, mounted on reservoir top to accommodate the following
components.`
• Main pump discharge filters,
• One system pressure relief valve,
• Two non return valves, Main pump isolation valves

 Polishing unit (Fullers earth and cellular filter)

• Cation and Anion exchange resin type polishing filters are mounted at the back side of
the EH supply system which can be taken in service at different oil condition.`

Confidential Slide
EH Fluid System
 EH Oil Recycle Pump:
• Vane type pump used for filtration, cooling, filling and draining of EH oil.
• The discharge flow of the recycle pump can be lined up through any one cooler to
maintain the reservoir temperature within operating range.

 EH Oil Coolers:
• Two EH oil coolers are provided for cooling of EH oil supplied from recycle pump or
return from pressurized drain line.
• At a time one cooler can be lined up from recycle pump and other from
pressurized drain line using one three way valve at inlet of each cooler.

 HP Accumulator.
• One hydro pneumatic high pressure accumulator mounted on side of the reservoir,
maintains the discharge pressure due to change in flow demand at various conditions.

Confidential Slide
EH Oil
 Fire retardant pure tri-aryl phosphate Ester.
• NAS value 5 or better
• TAN 0.12 mg of KOH


Self ignition point 593 deg C
Hygroscopic in nature (tendency to absorb moisture from atmosphere)
Excess moisture may lead to increase TAN value
Max allowed moisture content up to 1000 ppm
Operating temp range 21 - 55 deg C

For maintaining TAN value an additional polishing cum filtration unit provide
Make: Ferrocare
It comprises of three system
1. N2 generator for capping to moisture ingress in oil
2. Resign for Ion exchange to reduce acidity level
3. Fine mechanical filter (5 mic) to maintain NAS

Confidential Slide
 Scheme of Turbine steam flow:
HRH

MSSV
MS LINE M

 TVs 2 nos (Throttle valve) M

TV 1 RSV 1
 GVs 4 nos (Governing valve)
 RSV 2 nos (Reheat stop valve) GV 1 GV 3 IV 1
 IV 2 nos(Interceptor valve)
HP IP LP
GV 2 GV 4 IV 2

TV 2 RSV 2
CONDENSER
CRH

HOTWELL

Confidential Slide
 Block Diagram

(4)

Confidential Slide 12
EH Oil Main Pump

Confidential Slide
EH FLUID SUPPLY CONTROL BLOCK

Confidential Slide
 Flow G a u g e a n d Te m p e r a t u r e I n d i ca t o r

Confidential Slide
HP/LP ACCUMULATORS

LP Accumulator nitrogen gas normal operation pressure is 0.21MPa. These accumulators should be
recharged if the gas pressure decreases to 0.17MPa level.
HP accumulator Normal charging pressure is 9.3MPa, a pressure reading of less than 8.2MPa that
the accumulator should be recharged indicates.

Confidential Slide
Accumulators:

Basic functions
1. Supply oil for high transient flow demands when pump can’t keep up
2. Absorb hydraulic shock waves (due to valve closures or actuators hitting
stops)

HP accumulator precharge N2 pressure 9.3 MPa.(Limit : 8.2 MPa)

LP accumulator precharge N2 pressure 0.21 MPa.(Limit : 0.17 MPa)

Confidential Slide 17
EH oil scheme

Pressure
152 bar

PRV setting 170 bar

Confidential Slide
TYPES OF OIL GENERATED IN DEH GOVERNING SYSTEM

 High Pressure Oil (HP Oil)

 Auto Stop Trip Oil (AST)

 Over speed Protection Control Oil ( OPC)

 Pressurized Drain Oil (DP)

 Vented Drain Oil 1 (DV1)

 Vented Drain Oil 2 (DV2)

 Auto Stop Pilot Oil (ASP)

 HP Pilot Oil

Confidential Slide
TYPES OF OIL GENERATED IN DEH GOVERNING SYSTEM

 HIGH PRESSURE OIL : HP :

Supplied by EH fluid supply system to all actuators, emergency trip block, eh oil test block.

 AUTOSTOP TURBINE TRIP OIL: AST:

Part of EH oil generated within the system after reheat stop valve and Throttle valve actuators and used to close their
dump valves.

 OVERSPEED PROTECTION CONTROL OIL: OPC:

Part of EH oil generated within the system after Governing valve and Interceptor valve actuators and used to close
their dump valves.

PRESSURISED DRAIN OIL: DP:

Pa r t of EH oil g e n e r a t e d within t h e s y s t e m f r o m t h e d r a i n s of all s t e a m valve a c t u a t o r s .

Confidential Slide
TYPES OF OIL GENERATED IN DEH GOVERNING SYSTEM

 VENTED DRAIN OIL 1: DV1:

part of EH oil generated within the system after interface diaphragm valve.

 VENTED DRAIN OIL 2: DV2:

part of EH oil generated within the system from the drains of emergency trip lock, EH oil test block, all HP and LP
accumulators, etc.

 AUTO STOP PILOT OIL: ASP

Part of EH oil generated within the system provides interface between AST solenoid Channel-1 and Channel-2

 HP Pilot Oil
Part of EH oil generated within the system used for close the AST solenoid valves

Confidential Slide
MAIN COMPONENTS OF STEAM VALVE ACTUATORS

 EH oil lines: each actuator connected by three EH oil lines in the DEH system.

• HP line: One high pressure line is connected to each actuator which supplies power fluid generated from EH oil supply
system. The pressure is around 140 ksc.

• DP line: one pressurised drain line is connected to each actuator which returns the drain oil from actuator to EH oil
reservoir. The pressure is about 0 to 2 ksc.

• AST or OPC line: One Auto Stop Turbine Trip line (for TV and RSV) or Over speed Protection Control lin (for GV and IV)
is connected to each actuator which blocks the path between cylinder and DP line and reset the actuators after latching
the turbine. the pressure is nearly equal to HP line pressure.

 HP line manual isolation valve:

• Each servo actuator ha s an isolation valve mounted on HP inlet.

• When taking online repair, if it is required to replace some component of the servo actuator, this can
be done after closing the isolation valve without stopping the pump.

 Filter
• One filter of 3 microns is provided in HP line after manual isolation valve

Confidential Slide
MAIN COMPONENTS OF STEAM VALVE ACTUATORS

 Check Valves:
• Two check valves are separately mounted each one on drain return oil line and AST/OPC line.
• check valve is mounted on the outlet, prohibiting leakage caused by DP returns back during online repair
• Check valve on AST line can maintain AST & OPC header fluid pressure when dump valve opens to close the servo
actuator during stem movement test in order not to affect the positions of other actuators.

 Servo Valve:
• The flow of EH fluid through isolation valve and filter is controlled to the hydraulic cylinder through servo valve

 Dump Valve:
• One dump valve is provided for each actuator, which dumps the fluid in actuator cylinder in order to close the
steam valves quickly by spring force at the moment of tripping or OPC.
• Dump valves are kept in closed condition by applying backpressure of AST and OPC

 LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)

• LVDT is this is electromechanical displacement transducer, which provides steam valve position feedback to
DEH controller and help to produce position error signal to operate servo valve for adjusting steam valve
position to meet the process demand.
23

Confidential Slide
 Valve actuator P&ID

Confidential Slide
 Reheat Stop Valve Operation
Turbine resets (establishing fluid pressure in upper part of
diaphragm to close the diaphragm) and is latched (energizing
four AST solenoid valves to make them close), HP fluid enters
hydraulic cylinder through isolation valve on RSV and the orifice.

This hydraulic cylinder is connected with a dump valve, whose

main valve stem has an orifice. HP fluid passes the check valve to
supply AST header after flowing through the orifice, enabling AST
fluid pressure to increase to approximately equal to HP fluid
pressure. RSV opens gradually with the increasing fluid pressure,
until it reaches fully open.

There are three ways to close RSV.

 Release AST header fluid
 Loosen pressure adjustment handler of dump valve,
enabling relief valve to open.
 Energize test solenoid valve

Confidential Slide 25
 RSV OPERATION

AST HDR
Trip condition
Latch

Dump valve
DP OIL

HP Oil discharge
of pump
Confidential Slide 26
 Dump Valve (Pilot Relief Valve) for RSVs and GVs
 Dump valve on RSV & GV and relief valve on EH reservoir control block
are the same, but when used in servo actuator it is used as load-release
valve, pressure adjusting handler can only in fully open and fully close
position, it cannot be for pressure adjusting.
 The whole valve consists of pilot valve and main valve, the pilot valve is
actuated by the AST/OPC header to provide quick closing independent
of the electrical system. When the dump valve is activated it releases all
operating fluid to drain. Heavy springs on the valve assembly provide
the force for quick closing.
 Dump valve is connected with servo actuator fluid passages. AST/OPC
fluid actuates on the upper end of spool, and fluid in the lower part of
the cylinder actuates on the lower end of spool. When working the two
pressure are basically equal, in the effect of spool spring and the
difference between upper end and lower end areas to hold the spool on
its seat, establishing fluid pressure in the lower part of servo actuator
cylinder. When AST/OPC fluid is released, fluid in the lower part of the
cylinder opens spool, releasing the fluid in the lower part of cylinder to
drain.

Confidential Slide 27
GV/RSV ACTUATOR DUMP VALVE

Dump Valve Seated

28

Confidential Slide
GV/RSV ACTUATOR DUMP VALVE

Dump Valve Unseated

29

Confidential Slide
 Governing Valve
 The actuator is single side acting and provides the force for opening
the valve and closing springs provide the force to close the valve.

 The principal components of the actuator are hydraulic cylinder,

control block, relief valve, shut-off valve, 2 check valves, filter, servo
valve, LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer).

 High-pressure fluid through an isolation valve and a three-micron filter

to the actuator is controlled by a servo valve. The position control and
LVDT position feedback signals are summed at the servo amplifier
resulting in a position error signal. The servo amplifier positions the
servo valve in response to this error signal to accurately position the
actuator and steam valve.

Confidential Slide 30
 Governor valve Open

LVDT

C
SERVO VALVE
Command
Confidential Slide 31
 Governor valve Closed

LVDT

Command SERVO VALVE

Confidential Slide 32
 Throttle Valve Interceptor Valve

Confidential Slide 33
 HP BACK UP SEAL
OIL PU MP
DISCHARGE
PRESSURE

OIL FLOW

Confidential Slide 34
 Emergency Trip Control Block
The Emergency trip control block, is mounted on the right side of the governor pedestal and contains six
solenoid valves.
Four solenoid valves, arranged in series-parallel, are auto stop solenoids (2O/AST), which are energized
closed from the emergency trip system controller. If the controller senses a trip condition, these solenoid
valves will open, releasing the high pressure operating fluid from the AST Header to drain and cause a turbine
trip.

Loss of AST fluid pressure and subsequent turbine trip may be achieved
 By energizing a relay in the electronic trip system
 By causing the opening of the interface diaphragm valve

The other two solenoids arranged in parallel are over-speed protection control solenoids (2O/OPC) and are
responsive to actuating signals from the over-speed protection controller. In the event of a complete loss of
electrical load which will cause a sudden increase above normal turbine speed, the over-speed protection
controller will impulse the solenoids and releasing to drain only the high pressure operating fluid from the
OPC header for the governor and reheat regulator valves causing these valves to closed rapidly.

Confidential Slide 35
EMERGENCY TRIP CONTROL BLOCK

36

Confidential Slide
INSTR. AIR 152 Bar
SUPPLY 151 Bar 72 Bar
P P 72 Bar
G P
G
G LATCH

TO EXTR. NRVs 1 s 2 s

1 s 1 Remark:
AST HDR • AST SOVs are
energized to
close
OPC HDR • OPC SOVs are
2 s 3 s 4 s energized to
open
PRESSURISED EH OIL

DRAIN
Confidential Slide 37
 0 Bar
152 Bar
151
0 Bar
Bar 072 Bar
Bar
P P
G P
G
G TRIP

1 s 2 s

1 s 1 Remark:
AST HDR Trip condition
both AST channel
acted require
OPC HDR
2 s 3 s 4 s
PRESSURISED EH OIL

DRAIN
Confidential Slide 38
 150 Bar
151 Bar 72 Bar
0 Bar P
G P P
G G OPC

1 s 2 s

1 s Remark:
AST HDR OPC action any
OPC SOV acted
require

OPC HDR
2 s 3 s 4 s
PRESSURISED EH OIL

DRAIN

Confidential Slide 39
 150 Bar
151 Bar 72 Bar
ETS channel 1 fault P
P P
G > 93 Bar
G G

1 s 2 s

1 s
AST HDR

OPC HDR
2 s 3 s 4 s
PRESSURISED EH OIL

DRAIN

Confidential Slide 40
 150 Bar
151 Bar 72 Bar
ETS channel 2 fault P
P P
G < 41 Bar
G G

1 s 2 s

1 s
AST HDR

OPC HDR
2 s 3 s 4 s
PRESSURISED EH OIL

DRAIN

Confidential Slide 41
 Remote latch
AST TRIP HDR
0 BAR
INST AIR DRAIN
SUPPLY
TRIP RESET

s VENT MECH OVERSPEED TEST LEVER

TEST

DRAIN

MECHANICAL OVERSPEED & MANUAL TRIP HDR

Confidential Slide 42
INTERFACE DIAPHRAGM VALVE

43

Confidential Slide
OVERSPEED PROTECTION CONTROL

 Loss of the over-speed Protection Control (OPC) Trip Header pressure will cause only the governor and reheat
regulator valves to close.
 An air pilot valve, used to monitor the extraction non-return valves, is also triggered from the OPC Trip Header
pressure.

 OPC set point is 103% of rated speed. (3090r/min). It acts when speed is > 3090 rpm and reset at < 3060 rpm.

 The other two solenoids arranged in parallel are over-speed protection control solenoids (2O/OPC) and are responsive
to actuating signals from the over-speed protection controller. In the event of a complete loss of electrical load which
will cause a sudden increase above normal turbine speed, the over-speed protection controller will impulse the
solenoids and releasing to drain only the high pressure operating fluid from the OPC header for the governor and
Interceptor valves causing these
 In emergency trip control block, two parallel check valves are arranged between AST header and OPC header. This
arrangement ensures only to release OPC fluid and maintain AST fluid pressure when OPC happens, and auto
release OPC fluid when losing AST fluid pressure (for instance, when stop the turbine)

44

Confidential Slide
 Interface Diaphragm valve operation
AST TRIP HDR
0 BAR
152 BAR OPEN
DRAIN
CLOSE

TRIP RESET

MECH OVERSPEED TEST LEVER

TEST
TRIP LEVER

HP BACK UP SEAL
OIL PU MP DRAIN
DISCHARGE
PRESSURE 10~12 bar

MECHANICAL OVERSPEED & MANUAL TRIP HDR

Confidential Slide 45
MECHANICAL OVERSPEED TRIP SYSTEM

 Mechanical over speed trip system is another safety protection system. Except for all of trip signals sent to AST
solenoid valves and relieving oil pressure of header through emergency trip block, there is another trip weight
over speed protection mechanism, which can relieve the oil pressure above diaphragm valve to release the
AST oil pressure when the speed of turbine exceeds the normal speed.

 Mechanical Over speed Trip System consists of low pressure safety oil supply system, emergency trip device,
over speed trip mechanism, over speed trip valve reset device, over speed trip mechanism check device and
Integrated safety devices.

 The function of the over speed trip mechanism is automatically to stop the flow of all steam into the
turbine if the turbine speed increases to 110%~112% of normal speed

 Ideal Mechanical over speed trip set point is 3300 r/min.

Confidential Slide
Emergency Trip Device

Confidential Slide
Schematic of Over speed Trip Mechanism & Oil Injection Testing

Safety oil p r es su r e from MOP

discharge/HP back u p seal oil P u mp

48

Confidential Slide
 Mechanical Overspeed trip
AST TRIP HDR
152 BAR 0 BAR
OPEN
DRAIN
CLOSE
@3300 RPM
TRIP RESET

MECH OVERSPEED TEST LEVER

TEST

DRAIN

MECHANICAL OVERSPEED & MANUAL TRIP HDR

Confidential Slide 49
 Oil Injection Test
AST TRIP HDR

0 BAR P
DRAIN
G CLOSE

TRIP RESET

MECH OVERSPEED TEST LEVER

TEST

CLOSED

DRAIN

MECHANICAL OVERSPEED & MANUAL TRIP HDR

Confidential Slide 50
 Oil Injection Test
AST TRIP HDR

0 BAR P
DRAIN
G CLOSE
2.5 BAR
TRIP RESET
MECH OVERSPEED TEST LEVER
MOVED TOWARD TEST POSSITION
AND HOLD IT UNTIL TEST
COMPLETE
TEST

START
OPENNIG

DRAIN

MECHANICAL OVERSPEED & MANUAL TRIP HDR

Confidential Slide 51
 Oil Injection Test
AST TRIP HDR

0 BAR P
DRAIN
G
2.5 BAR
TRIP RESET
MECH OVERSPEED TEST LEVER
MOVED TOWARD TEST POSSITION
AND HOLD IT UNTIL TEST
COMPLETE
TEST

START
CLOSED
CLOSING

DRAIN

MECHANICAL OVERSPEED & MANUAL TRIP HDR

Confidential Slide 52
 Oil Injection Test
AST TRIP HDR

0 BAR P
DRAIN
G CLOSE

TRIP RESET
MECH OVERSPEED TEST LEVER
MOVED TOWARD NORMAL
POSSITION

TEST

CLOSED

DRAIN

MECHANICAL OVERSPEED & MANUAL TRIP HDR

Confidential Slide 53
DEH Governing system Questionnaire
 
1. Turbine inlet steam valves are opened by
a)Steam pressure
b) Spring pressure
c) EH oil pressure
 
2. EH pumps are
a) Centrifugal pumps b) Gear pumps c) Axial piston pumps d) Screw pumps
 
3. AST pressure associates with
a) RSV b) TV c) GV d) IV
 
4. OPC pressure associates with
a) TV b) IV c) RSV d) GV
 
5. Interface Diaphragm valve blocks
a) AST pressure b) OPC pressure c) HP oil d) DP oil
 
6. ‘Channel -2 tripped’ signifies
a) AST solenoids 1 or 3 acted b) AST solenoids 2 or 4 acted c) All AST solenoids acted.
 
7. Which of the following valves does not have a Servo Valve?
a) TV b) RSV c) GV d) IV 
 
8. EH oil is
a) Servo Prime-32 b) Tri-aryl phosphate ester c) Servo Torque-10 d) None
 
9. Which oil is admitted to top of diaphragm of Inter face diaphragm valve ?
a) AST b) Lub oil c) Mechanical Over speed & Manual Trip header d) HP seal oil
 
10. LVDT translates to
a) Linear Variable Differential Transformer b) Linear Voltage Differential Transformer c) Linear Vacuum Differential Thermometer d) Linear Variable Differential
Thermometer

Confidential Slide 54