ROOF

Sloping or pitched roof

Flat or terraced roof
Curved Roof
 Pitched roof classification
• Lean to Roof
• Gable Roof
• Hip Roof
• Gambrel Roof
• Mansard or Curb roof
• Deck roof
1.Lean to roof
• Simplest type of sloping
roof
• Provided either for a
room of small span or
for the verandah
• It has slope on one side
2.Gable roof
• Common type of
sloping roof which
slopes in two directions
• Two slopes meet at the
ridge

• At the end Vertical

triangles -shape
3.Hip roof
• Roof is formed by four
sloping surfaces in four
directions
• At the end faces sloped
triangles are formed
4.Gambrel roof
• Roof like gable roof,
slopes in two directions
but there is a break in
each slope at each end
vertical face is formed
5.Mansard roof
• Like hip roof, slopes in
the four direction but
each slope has a break
• Sloping ends are
obtained
6.Deck roof
• Has slope in all four
directions like hip
roof, but a deck or
plane surface is
formed at the top
 Elements of Pitched roof
• Span: It is the
clear distance
between the
supports of an
arch, beam or
roof truss
• Rise
Vertical distance
between the top of
ridge and wall plate
Pitch:
• Inclination of
the sides of a
roof to the
horizontal
plane
• It is expressed
in either in
terms of
degree angle)
or as a ratio
of rise to span
• Ridge
Defined as apex line
Formed by the
termination of
inclined surfaces at
the top of a slope
Eaves: the lower
edge of the
inclined roof
surface
• From the lower
edge(eaves, the
rain water from
the roof surface
drops down
• Hip: It is the
ridge formed
by the
intersection of
two sloping
surfaces,
where the
exterior angle
is greater than
180o
• Valley:
Reverse of
a hip. It is
formed by
the
intersectio
n of two
roof
surfaces
• Hipped End: Sloped
triangular surface
formed at the end of a
roof
• Verge : Edge of a gable,
running between eaves and
ridge
• Ridge piece, ridge
beam and ridge
board:
It is a horizontal
wooden member in
the form of a beam
or board, which is
provided at the apex
of a roof truss. It
supports the
common rafters fixed
to it
• Common rafters or
spars:
Are inclined wooden
members running from
the ridge to eaves
Bevelled against the ridge
beam at the head and
are fixed to purlins at
intermediate point
• Support the battens or boarding
to support the roof coverings
• Depending upon the roof covering
material, rafters are spaced 30 to
45cm centre to centre
• Purlins
• Horizontal beam
(wooden or steel)
used to support
common rafters of a
roof when span is
large
• Supported on
trusses or walls
 Valley rafters
• Sloping rafters
which run
diagonally from the
ridge to the eaves
for supporting
valley gutters
• They receive ends
purlins and ends of
jack rafters on both
sides
 Jack rafters
• Shorter in length which
run from hip or valley to
the eaves
• Hip rafters
Sloping rafters which
form the hip of a
sloped roof
Run diagonally from
ridge to the corners
of walls to support
roof coverings
They receive ends of
purlins and ends of
jack rafters
Eaves board or facia board
• It is a wooden plank
or board fixed to
the feet of a
common rafters at
the eaves
• Usually 25mm thick
and more than
25mm wide
• Eaves gutter can
also be secured
against it
• Ends of lower most roof
covering material rest
upon it
Barge Board
• Timber board used to
hold common rafter
forming verge(outskirts)
 Wall plates
• Long wooden
members which
are provided on
the top of stone
or brick wall for
the purpose of
fixing the feet of
the common
rafters
• Wall plates
actually connect
the walls to the
roof
 Post plates
• Similar to a wall plate except that
they run continuous, parallel to
the face of wall, over the top of
posts and support rafters at their
feet
Battens
• Thin strips of wood
called scantlings, which
are nailed to rafters for
lying roof materials
above
 Boardings
• Similar to
battens and
are nailed
to common
rafter to
support
roofing
material
 Template
• Square or
rectangular block
of stone or
concrete placed
under beam or
truss to spread
the load over a
large area of the
wall
Short sections of wood or
cleats
steel(angle iron) which are fixed
on the principal rafters of trusses
to support the purlins
• A roof truss is a frame work usually
Truss
triangles designed to support the roof
covering or ceiling over rooms