Three parts of medical parasitology

1.Medical protozoology Protozoa

2.Medical helminthology

Trematodes(flukes)
Worms
Cestodes(tape worms)
Nematodes

3.Medical athropodology Arthropods

（ self -taught) (insects)
Medical helminths
 Introduction
Morphalogy
一 . Adult worm
1.Adult worm appearance

-Elongated , Cylindrical
-Dioecious:
Females ﹥males
The tail of the male
is curled
 Morphalogy
2.Digestive system:completed

rectum anus
Mouth pharynx intestine

3.Reproductive system: tubular

Male:single tubular
Female:double tubular(most)/single
-produce eggs(Oviparous):roundworm,hookworm......
- produce larvae(Viviparous):trichinella,filarial worm
4.Pesudocoelom cavity (Pesudocele)

Body wall

reproductive organ

Intestine

Transverse section
 Morphalogy
二 .Egg
used to indentify nematodes.

Observation:
Shape(most are oval )
Size
Color (clolorless or brown,yellow )
Thickness of eggshell:
the outer membrane-chitinous-innner lipid layer
(resistant to adverse enviroment )
External makings (can be used to indentify )
Content of the egg( cell, embryo)
 Life cycle
1.Stage of development
4 rounds of molts
egg Larva Adult

2. Life cycle
(1)direct-development(soil-source)
- no need of intermediate host.
- most intestinal nematodes
(2)indirect-development(bio-source ）
- need intermediate host
- most tissue nematodes ( Filaria,Trichinella)
3.Modes of infection

(1)by mouth(roundworm,whipworm...)
(2)by skin(hookworm)
(3)blood sucking insect (filariae)
(4)by air(pinworm)
 Labrotory Diagnosis

1.Intestinal nematodes:eggs/adult in the feces(roundworm ....)

2.Tissue –dwelling nematodes:biopsy(trichinella spiralis)
3.Blood –dwelling nematodes:blood smear(filaria)
 Pathogenesis

Related to species, worm burden, parasitic location and

physical condition of the host.

1.Adult:
-Mechanical disruption
-Nutrition depletion
-toxicity
2.Lava:
-Dermatitis (hook worm)
-Migration of larva cause damage to tissue or organ
-Visceral /Cutaneous Larva migrans(infectoin of
aberrant parasites,dog roundworm )