Chapter 3:

Communicating on a
Local Network
Principles of Communications:
The Three Elements
 SENDER (the message source) - people, or
electronic devices, that need to communicate a
message to other individuals or devices.
 RECEIVER (the destination) - receives the
message and interprets it.
 CHANNEL (the transmission medium) -
pathway over which the message can travel from
source to destination.
Communication Protocols
 - rules or agreements to govern the
conversation
- must be followed in order for the
message to be successfully delivered and
understood.
* Networking protocols define many aspects of
communication over the local network, including:
message format, message size, timing, encoding,
and message patterns.
Networking and Internet standards
 - ensure that all
devices connecting to
the network implement
the same set of rules or
protocols in the same
manner.
- developed, published,
and maintained by a
variety of
organizations
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference Model: “Please
Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away”

1. Physical Layer - The actual hardware.

2. Data Link Layer - Puts data in frames and ensures error free
transmission. Also controls the timing of the network
transmission. IEEE divided this layer into the two following
sublayers.
 Logical Link control (LLC) - Maintains the Link between
two computers.
 Media Access Control (MAC) - Used to coordinate the
sending of data between computers.
3. Network Layer - IP network protocol. Routes messages
using the best path available.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference Model: “Please
Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away”

4. Transport Layer - TCP, UDP. Ensures properly sequenced

and error free transmission.
5. Session Layer - Determines when the session is begun or
opened, how long it is used, and when it is closed. Controls the
transmission of data during the session.
6. Presentation Layer - Makes the type of data transparent to
the layers around it (byte ordering, compression)
7. Application Layer - Provides services software applications
need. Provides the ability for user applications to interact with
the network.
The TCP/IP Model: N I T A
1. Network Access - Controls the hardware devices and
media that make up the network; corresponds to the
network layer of the OSI model and includes the IP, ICMP,
and IGMP protocols.
2. Internet - Determines the best path through the network.
3. Transport - Supports communication between diverse
devices across diverse network; corresponds to the
transport layer and includes the TCP and UDP protocols.
The TCP/IP Model: N I T A
4. Application - Represents data to the user, pluls
encoding and dialog control; corresponds to the OSI
Session, Presentation and Application layers and
includes FTP, Telnet, ping, Rlogin, rsh, TFTP, SMTP,
SNMP, DNS, your program, etc.
The Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
- specify protocols that operate at Layer 1 and Layer 2 of the OSI model
- de facto standard (used by almost all wired local area networks)
Ethernet Addressing
Every Ethernet network
interface has a physical
address assigned to it (the
Media Access Control, MAC
Address) which identifies
each source and destination
host on the network.
Data Encapsulation
Each computer message is encapsulated (“frame”) before it is sent over the network. A frame acts like an
envelope; it provides the address of the intended destination and the address of the source host.
Hierarchical Design
- provides increased efficiency, optimization of
function, and increased speed.
- additional local networks can be added
without impacting the performance of the
existing ones.
- has three basic layers:
 Access Layer – provides connections to
hosts in a local Ethernet network.
 Distribution Layer – interconnects the
smaller local networks.
 Core Layer – provides a high-speed
connection between distribution layer
devices.
Access, Distribution and Core Layers
Access Layer
- provides a connection point for end user devices to
the network; allows multiple hosts to connect to
other hosts through a network device, usually a
switch or access point.
Distribution Layer
- provides a connection point for separate networks;
typically contains more powerful switches than the
access layer as well as routers for routing between
networks. Distribution layer devices control the
type and amount of traffic that flows from the access
layer to the core layer.
Core Layer
- a high-speed backbone layer with redundant
(backup) connections, responsible for transporting
large amounts of data between multiple end
networks. Core layer devices typically include very
powerful, high-speed switches and routers.
Network Layer Protocol Addressing Schemes: IPv4 and IPv6

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Hextet
Physical & Logical Addresses:
MAC Address and IP Address
- contain two parts: The network
portion and the individual host.
The host portion of the IP address
is unique to each host.
- Both the physical MAC and
logical IP addresses are required
for a computer to communicate
on a hierarchical network.
Network Devices
Hubs - contain multiple ports that are used to connect hosts to the
network; simple devices that do not have the necessary electronics
to decode the messages sent between hosts on the network. Hubs
cannot determine which host should get any particular message.
Switch - a device that is used at the access layer. When a host
sends a message to another host connected to the same switched
network, the switch accepts and decodes the frames to read the
physical (MAC) address portion of the message. Other hosts
attached to the switch do not share bandwidth on this channel and
do not receive messages that are not addressed to them.
Routers - control the type and amount of traffic on a network;
designed to connect an existing LAN hub or switch to a WAN.
Ethernet switches and hubs can be connected to a router with
multiple PC ports to expand a LAN. ... Some routers even have
USB ports, and more commonly, wireless access points built into
them.
 THANK YOU!
Resources:
https://static-course- assets.s3.amazonaws.com/NetEss
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)
https://www.google.com
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UUJQJ4GjTiq5lmn8czf8oo0Q