Renewable Energies Research - Workshop

UPB
Bucharest, October 2006

Renewable Energy Research and

Policy in the European Union

Komninos Diamantaras
European Commission, DG Research
 EU ENERGY POLICY

Aims at sustainable, secure and affordable energy supply.

 Security of EU energy supply
● Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are indigenous, abundant, diverse
 Reduction of greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions - Kyoto
● RES save at present 130 million tons of CO 2 annually
 Increased competitiveness of EU industry
● RES contributes to employment and innovation

Renewable energy sources are intermittent,

seasonal, distributed, fairly expensive and
do have minor environmental impact.
 EU RES Policy context

EU Energy Policy aims at sustainable, secure and affordable energy

supply.

In particular, the goals for 2010 are:

 Renewable share of 12% in gross energy consumption
 Renewable share of 22.1% in electricity consumption
 Biofuel share of 5.75% of gasoline and diesel used in
transport
 Reduction of greenhouse gases emissions by 8%
 EU Renewable Energy Policy
 White Paper “Community Strategy and Action Plan in the field of
Renewable Energy Sources” - COM(97)599

 Green Paper “Towards a European Strategy for the security of energy

supply” – (2000)

 Directive on the Promotion of electricity produced from renewable

energy sources in the internal electricity market – 2001/77/EC

 Directive on the Promotion of the use of bio-fuels for transport –

2003/30/EC

 Other EC Directives (Co-generation, Energy efficiency, Energy taxation,

etc.)

 Communication “The share of renewable energy in the EU” –

SEC(2004)547
RES IN THE ENERGY SUPPLY (EU-15,2002)

Biomass
OIL NUCLEAR 63%
41% 15%
PV 2%
RES Solar 6%
6%

COAL Wind 41%

15%
GAS Hydro 28%
23%

Geothermal 51%
Others 8%

EC White paper – RES target 12% by 2010

 Mtoe

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

0
Nuclear

Coal

Gas

Hydro

Oil

Biomass

Wind

Geothermal

Ocean

PV
(1TWh ≈ 0.086 Mtoe)

Concentrated solar thermal

Electricity generation (EU-15, 2002)
 Mtoe

50
100
150
200
250

0
Gas

Oil

Electricity (secondary)

Coal

Biomass

Heat (secondary)
Heat supply (EU-15, 2002)

Geothermal

Solar
PRODUCTION COSTS (estimates)

ELECTRICITY € cents / kWh

Biomass  5-8
Geothermal  5-8
Wind 4-9

Photovoltaics 25-50

Coal / Gas / Nuclear 4

FUEL € cents / litre

Biofuel 50-90
Gasoline and diesel 30-50
 Converting Policy to
Action

Directives / Research / Demo Intelligent Energy – Europe

Legislation Programme Programme
Social & institutional
Regulation Technological Communication
innovation
Rights, requirements, innovation & “hardware” Exchange, learning,
Skills, tools, methods,
duties, obligations, Material, equipment, networking, promotion,
education, training, best
objectives technologies, product coordination, feedback to EU
practice, standards, studies,
development, R&D and national policy makers
monitoring, evaluation
 Biomass
 Until 1700: biomass used for 80-100% of the energy needs
 Today covers only 4% of EU energy needs 2010 to 10%
 Used for heat and electricity as well as solid, liquid and gaseous
fuels
 The only renewable energy source able to provide liquid fuels for
transport
Current activities under FP6 and targets:
 Cost of electricity 0.05 €/kWh by 2015-2020
 Cost of biofuels 0.036 €/kWh by 2020
 Production of biofuels; current cost 40-70 €/lt
 Gasification systems
 Cost-effective combustion technologies
 Energy from bio-residues and energy crops

FP7: Biomass Platform; Biorefinery; Biofuels, logistics, …

 BIOMASS

 Versatile energy - used for heat, electricity, fuels

 Today covers 4% of the EU energy needs
 EU leading position in combustion and gasification
 Technological prospects
 Biofuels for transport
 Biorefinery: Sustainable products and energy
1.6
1.4
EU Biofuel production,

biodiesel
1.2
million tonnes

bioethanol
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003
Year
 BIOMASS

Flexi-fuel car
Domestic stove
Courtesy: RIKA Herz, Austria

Värnamo, Sweden Alholmens Kraft, Finland

Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle, Combustion power plant, 240 MWe
6 MWe, 9MWth. CHRISGAS project
 Geothermal Energy

 During 2002 > 6TWh generated, (5 el. + 1 heat)

 used for heat and electricity
 Operational without back-up; capacity factor 100% (firm power)

Current activities under FP6 and targets:

 Cost of electricity 0.05 €/kWh by 2015-2020
 Coordination action on ongoing research
 Improved exploration for deep geothermal resources
 High temperature downhole tools and instruments

FP7 : Efficiency increase, hot try rock exploitation, medium to high

temperature zones, installation cost reduction, …
 GEOTHERMAL

 Independent of weather and climatic conditions, it delivers heat

and power 24 hours a day throughout the year.
 In EU 95 000 dwellings are heated by geothermal energy
 More 5 TWh of electricity were produced in 2002
 Technological prospects
 Heat pumps
 Hot dry rock
EurObserv’Er
9000 2004
8000
7000
Heat, MWth

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Year
GEOTHERMAL

Rig installation in Soultz, France Geller Hotel, Budapest

Hot Dry Rock project

Nesjavellir, Iceland
CHP plant 90 MWe, 500-800 l/s heating water.
 Wind Energy
 1980: < 100 kW installed 2006: > 60 GW at average rate ~1800
MW/a over 26 years producing > 3.5 TWh /a
 1980: 15 kW, 10m diam. 2006: 6 MW, 126m diam.
 1980: > 0.30 € /kWh 2004: <0.03 € for commercial units
 25-30% annual industrial growth since 1990; 40% in 2005
 Competitive onshore 1.5-3c€/kWh; not yet for offshore
 3% of electricity generation by 2010 (Directive 2001/77)
 20% of electricity generation by 2020 (EWEA)
Current activities under FP6 and targets:
 Cost of electricity 0.05 €/kWh by 2015-2020
 Design and development of > 5 MW offshore
 Materials, modeling, new designs
 Output forecasting for multi-MW offshore wind and wave
installations
FP7: Integration, Offshore, Materials, Platform, Distributed
generation, …
 WIND

 EU wind industry has 90% of the world equipment

market
 EU wind industry employs 72.000 people up from 25.000
in 1998
 Cost per kWh have fallen by 50% over the last 15 years
 Technological prospects
 Offshore wind
 Up-scale turbines
 Grid integration is becoming a challenge

Ø Rotor diameter

EWEA Courtesy
 WIND

 3.000 MW

1.000 – 1.500 MW

100 – 999 MW 82

 99 MW
442 6

26

339 3.117 7
888
Oberzeiring, Austria, 20MW
1.078
63
95
35 17
16.629 5
386 606 6

522 1.125
8.263

465 Horn rev, Denmark, 160 MW

2
 Photovoltaics
 1980: cost > 23.000 €/kWp 2004: 3-3.500 €/kWp
 1980: efficiency <5% 2004: 15-16% for commercial and > 23%
for laboratory operation
 Actually competitive in niche applications (service provided)
 4% of electricity generation in 2030
(“A vision for photovoltaic technology”, PV-TRAC report 2004)
Current activities under FP6 and targets:
 Cost of PV systems to 1-2 €/Wp by 2015
 Cost of electricity 0.1 €/kWh by 2015
 Thin film
 Innovative concepts (organic or hybrid solar cells)
 Processing and automation
 Components and balance of systems
 Integration in buildings
FP7: Platform, thin film, waffers thickness, materials, costs, ..
 PHOTOVOLTAICS

 35% annual growth during the last 10 years

 Turnover close to 2 billion € in Europe and
5.2 worldwide in 2004
 One out of every four cells produced worldwide is manufactured in the EU.
Japan is the world leader
 The price of PV modules has decreased by a factor
of 3 since 1990
 Technological prospects 5,000

EU Installed PV Capacity (MWp)

EPIA
 Crystalline silicon 4,000

 Thin film materials PV barometer

3,000
W hite paper target
 New cell concepts 3 GW in 2010
2,000

1,004
1,000 594 20% annual
392 growth
30
0
1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2010
1995

2002

2009
 PHOTOVOLTAICS

Wesco Court, UK
Lehrter station, Berlin, 3311 m2
41 sheltered houses

Stand alone system, Bolivia 1.2 km sound barrier, A92 motorway, Germany
Pictures courtesy of EPIA
 Concentrated Solar Thermal Energy

 In the period 1986-1991 about 354 MW installed in USA

 Few projects in EU met partial success
 used for heat and electricity; option: H2 production
 Actual projected cost in the range 0.10 - 0.20 €/kWh

Current activities under FP6 and targets:

Cost of electricity 0.05 €/kWh by 2015-2020
 Development of solar thermal reactors for H2 production
 Solar hybrid power plants

FP7: Reduce costs, increase of efficiency, …

 SOLAR THERMAL

 1.45 million m2 of solar thermal collectors were installed in 2003

 Solar thermal covers 65% of the warm water needs in Greek
households, in Cyprus up to 90%.
 Concentrated solar thermal yields temperatures of 400-1000C
(electricity).

Solar thermal collector, Greece PS10 Power Plant

 Ocean Energy

 Started in 1995, first EU kWh produced in 2000.

 Used for electricity production; heat and H2 could become an
option
 First prototypes successfully operational; different concepts
 Actual projected cost in the range 0.10 - 0.25 €/kWh

Current activities under FP6 and targets:

 Cost of electricity 0.05 €/kWh by 2015-2020
 New concepts for ocean converters
 Reliable, low-cost energy converters

FP7: Innovative designs, components, energy efficiency, cost

reduction, environmental impact, …
 OCEAN

 Many technologies are at prototype testing stage

 The EU Wave Dragon project is the world’s first off-shore
wave energy converter producing power for public use.

Tidal current turbine, 300 kW Wave energy converter, 20 kW prototype

prototype SEAFLOW project WAVE DRAGON project
 RES PROSPECTS
 The share of RES is on course to exceed 10% in 2010
 EU is the pioneer in developing and implementing
modern renewable energy techniques
 The renewable energy sector has increased its
turnover tenfold from 1.5 b€ in 1990 to 18 b€ in 2005.
 Renewable industry employs more than 500.000
people in the EU.
 Renewable energy is important to developing
countries (2 billion people do not have access to
electricity) as well as to the developed world.
 The EU renewable energy sector has only begun to
reveal its true potential for growth.
 EUROPEAN RES RESEARCH

 European research has greatly contributed to

the success of RES in the EU
 In FP6 (2002-2006) more than 100 M€/year was
devoted to the advancement of renewable
energy technologies
 In the new Framework Programme for Research,
FP7, the energy budget will increase
significantly
 ROMANIAN PARTNERS IN THE EU RESEARCH

 Romanian partners in 8 projects out of 145, ~ 5,5 %

 9 groups scientists participate
 Areas of interest and involvement :
 Geothermal energy 2 targeted projects
 Biomass 1 integrated project
 PV 1 targeted project
 Socio-economics 1 integrated and 1 targeted
 Electricity integration 1 targeted project
 H2 1 targeted project
 Converting Policy to
Action

Directives / Research / Demo Intelligent Energy – Europe

Legislation Programme Programme
Social & institutional
Regulation Technological Communication
innovation
Rights, requirements, innovation & “hardware” Exchange, learning,
Skills, tools, methods,
duties, obligations, Material, equipment, networking, promotion,
education, training, best
objectives technologies, product coordination, feedback to EU
practice, standards, studies,
development, R&D and national policy makers
monitoring, evaluation
 IEE - Focus on target groups

• Educate: inform / raise awareness

(marketing campaigns, leaflets, meetings)
• Influence : change policy / behaviour
(incentives, common procurement, ESCO’s)
• Engage : legislate / invest
(oblige, demonstrate, involve, simplify
procedures, reduce risks)
 Local actions “can make a real difference”!

 Simplify administrative procedures

 Support schemes - national, regional, local
 Build “critical mass” of local expertise,
confidence and viable businesses
 Local regulations (eg: require more RE and EE in
new & refurbished buildings)
 Promotion / raise awareness (Standards, quality
labels, approved installers)
 IEE Call for proposals 2006

DEADLINE 31 OCTOBER 2006

Participating countries: EU-25, Norway, Iceland,
Romania, Bulgaria, Liechtenstein, Croatia
• Focus on European RE policy objectives, EU

market needs and target groups

• Tackling non-technological market barriers
• Strict, but transparent evaluation criteria
• 50% EC funding
 IEE - More information and help
 Intelligent Energy – Europe website
(slides, call documents, application forms, ongoing
projects…)
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/intelligent/index_en.html

 ManagEnergy
(Partner search, events, projects, EU legislation…)
http://www.managenergy.net

 EU Energy Initiative
http://www.euei.org

 IEEA
E-mail: tren-intelligentenergy@ec.europa.eu
Fax: +32 2 292 18 92
FP7 WILL SUPPORT

BIOMASS: CROPS, FOREST-AGRO RESIDUES

HYDRO: FALLING WATER

GEOTHERMAL: EARTH ENERGY

WIND: MOVING AIR MASSES

OCEAN: TIDES AND WAVES

SOLAR THERMAL: SOLAR TO HEAT

PHOTOVOLTAICS: SOLAR TO ELECTRICITY
 STAYING INFORMED

Energy Research web site and Energy Helpdesk

http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/index_en.htm
rtd-energy@ec.europa.eu

Energy Policy
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/index_en.html

Towards Seventh Framework Programme

http://ec.europa.eu/research/future/index_en.cfm

Conferences, proceedings, Newsletter

http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/gp/gp_events/article_1567_en.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/nn/nn_pu/renews/article_1402_en.htm

Calls for proposals

http://cordis.europa.eu/en/home.html

Biomass Action Plan

http://ec.europa.eu/energy/res/biomass_action_plan/green_electricity_en.htm

EU Strategy for Biofuels

http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/biomass/biofuel/index_en.htm
Thank you for your attention