Types of Waste

• Smruthy Jacob
BIMS
 WASTE

It refers to materials that are not prime

products (i.e. products produced for the
market) for which the generator has no further
use for own purpose of production,
transformation or consumption, and which he
discards, or intends or is required to discard.
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTE

• Based on composition

• Based on sources

• Based on effects on environment

 BASED ON COMPOSITION

SOLID WASTE SLUDGE LIQUID WASTE

Contains Contains
Less than less than
about 3%
70% of 1% of
to 25% of
water solids
solid
 BASED ON SOURCES OF WASTE

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

HOSPITAL WASTE RADIOACTIVE WASTE

SOURCES OF
WASTE

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE ELECTRONIC WASTE

INDUSTRIAL WASTE
 INDUSTRIAL WASTE
• Produced by factories, mills and mines
• It is considered hazardous as they contain toxic
items
• They are highly toxic to humans, animals and
plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable or
explosive and reactive when exposed to certain
items
• E.g.: metals, chemicals, paper, pesticide, dye,
rubber
• India generates around 7 million tonnes every
year
HOSPITAL WASTE
 HOSPITAL WASTE
• Generated during the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of humans or animals or in
research/testing activities in these fields
• These are highly infectious and can be a serious
threat to human health if not managed
scientifically.
• E.g.: syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids,
anatomical waste
• It is estimated that 4kg of waste generated in
hospital at least 1kg would be infected.
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

• Garbage generated mainly from residential and

commercial complexes.
• With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and
food habits, the amount of municipal solid waste
has been increasing rapidly and its composition
changing.
• E.g.: Household waste, construction and demolition
debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets.
• In 1947 cities and towns of India generated 6
million tonnes of waste it raised to 48 million
tonnes in 1997 and 300 million tonnes in 2007
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
 RADIOACTIVE WASTE
• Generated primarily from nuclear generation; small
quantities are derived from military sources and a variety of
uses in medical, industrial and university establishment.

Naturally Occurring Radioactive

Material
Uranium and phosphate mining
and a number of other industrial
activities also generate mountains
of radioactive waste referred to as
"tailings,"
Transuranic Waste
Waste containing plutonium and
other elements heavier than
uranium. It comes mainly from the
nuclear weapons industry
 ELECTRONIC WASTE

Electronic waste popularly known as E-Waste

can be defined as electronic equipment or
product connected with power, plug, batteries
which have become obsolete due to:

Advancement in technology
Changes in fashion, style and status
Nearing end of their useful life
 TYPES OF E-WASTE
• Electronic Devices: such as computer servers, main frames,
monitors, and TV and display devices, Refrigerators, Air
Conditioners, microwave ovens.
• Telecommunication Devices: such as Cellular phones,
pagers, calculators, audio and video devices, printers,
scanners, fax mile.
• Recording Devices: such as DVD’s, Cd’s, Floppies, printing
cartridges, military E-Waste, automobile catalytic converters.
• Electronic Components: such as chips, processors, mother
board, printed circuit board, industrial electronics such as
sensors, alarms, sirens, security devices, automobiles
electronic devices.
BASED ON EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT

• Non hazardous waste

• Hazardous waste
 NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE
• Non-hazardous are those that cause no
immediate threat to human health and the
environment.
• Routinely generated waste such as paper,
cardboard, glass, wood, plastics, scrap, metal
containers, dirt, and rubble.
• Nonhazardous waste is segregated and
recycled whenever possible.
 HAZARDOUS WASTE

“Hazardous wastes means any waste which by

reason of any of its physical, chemical,
reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive or
corrosive characteristics causes danger or is
likely to cause danger to health or
environment, whether alone or when in contact
with other wastes or substances.”
Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling)
Rules, 1989.
 HAZARDOUS WASTE

Environmental Protection Agency (US):

“There are two ways a waste material is
defined to be hazardous
• By its presence on EPA- developed list
• By evidence that the waste exhibits ignitable,
corrosive, reactive and toxic characteristics”
 EPA-HAZARDOUS WASTE
CATEGORIES

Listed Wastes Characteristic Wastes

 Listed Waste
Specific types of waste from nonspecific source
(F)
• E.g. Halogenated solvents, non-halogenated
solvents, electroplating sludge and cyanide
solutions from plating bath
 Listed Waste
Specific types of waste from specific sources
(K)
• E.g. Oven residue from production of chrome
oxide green pigments, brine purification mud's
from mercury cell process in chlorine
production
 Listed Waste
Specific substance identified as acute hazardous
waste that are discarded commercial chemical
products, off specification specific, container
residues and spill residues (P)
• Eg. Arsenic oxide, potassium silver cyanide and
toxaphene
 Listed Waste
Specific substance identified as hazardous waste
that are discarded commercial chemical
products, off specification specific, container
residues and spill residues (U)
• Eg. Carbon tetrachloride, DDT, Xylene
 CHARACTERISTICS
WASTES
Characteristics wastes, which are wastes not
specifically identified elsewhere that exhibit
properties of ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity
or toxicity
 IGNITABILITY(D001)
• It is a liquid other than a aqueous solution
containing less than 24% alcohol by volume
• It is not a liquid and is capable of causing fire
through friction, absorption of moisture, or
spontaneous chemical changes; and when
ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently
that it creates a hazard
• Eg. Gasoline, alcohol
 CORROSIVITY (D002)
• It is aqueous and has a pH less than or equal
to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5
• It is a liquid that corrodes steel at a rate
greater than 6.35mm per year at a temp of
55C
• Eg. Acids, Alkalies
 REACTIVITY (D003)
• It is normally unstable and readily undergoes
violent change without detonating
• It reacts violently with water
• It is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste that
when exposed to pH level b/w 2-12.5 which
will be sufficient enough to harm human
health
• Eg: Explosives
 TOXICITY (D003)
• Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is
able to damage an exposed organism. Toxicity
can refer to the effect on a whole organism,
such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well
as the effect on a substructure of the organism
• Eg: Chlorine, Ammonia
 WASTE MANAGEMANT
• Collection,transport,processing, recycling or
disposal of waste materials , usually ones
produced by the human activity,in an effort to
reduce their effect on human health or local
aesthetics or aminity.
• Includes solid liquid and gaseous substances
• Basic waste management principles :
- reduce environmental and health impacts
- to save resources
WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY

PREVENTION
MOST
FAVOURED
OPTION
MINIMISATION

REUSE

RECYCLING

LEAST ENERGY RECOVERY

FAVOURED
OPTION DISPOSAL
 Reduce
• Necessary to determine the composition of
the waste and the reasons for its creation.
• Requires specific knowledge of the production
process unlike post creation process.
 Reuse
• Using an item more than once.
types
1. Conventional reuse-item is used as a number
of times for the same function. Eg-doorstep
delivery of milk in reusable bottles.
2. new life reuse-new use is found for the item.
• Reuse can have both financial, waste volume
and environmental benefits.
 Recycling
• Reprocessing of materials into new products.
• Prevents useful materials become
wasted,reduces the consumption of raw
materials,reduces energy uses.
• Greenhouse gas emissions.
• “recyclables” or “recyclates” - recyclable
materials- serve as a raw material for
production of a new product.
 Rethink
• New way of looking at wastes.
• E.g. – some rethink solutions may be counter
intuitive, such as cutting fabric patterns with
slightly more waste materials left the now
larger scraps are then used for cutting small
parts of the pattern, resulting in a decrease in
net waste.
 Procedure of waste management
• Waste disposal
1. Landfill
2. Incineration
3. Plasma gasification
• Waste recycling
• Waste processing
LANDFILL
 Landfill
• Burying of the waste.
• Established in abandoned or unused quarries,
and mining voids.
• By product- gas(green house gas)-generation
of electricity using landfill gas extraction
system.
 Incineration
• Combustion of waste materials.
• Convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam,
and ash.
• Carried on both large scale and small scale
basis.
• Practical method of disposing hazardous
waste materials.
• Produces heat that can be used as energy.
 Plasma gasification
• Plasma-highly ionized and electrically charged
gas.
• This process results in the elemental
destruction of waste and hazardous materials.
RECYCLING
 Waste recycling
• Breaking down of materials from waste
steams into raw materials which are
reprocessed either into the same material or a
new product.
• Generally includes waste separation and
material reprocessing.
 Waste processing
• Range of activities characterized by the
treatment and recovery of materials or
energy from waste through thermal,chemical,
or biological menas.
• Groups of processes.
1. biological processes
2. thermal processes
 Waste prevention techniques
• By reducing the demand to be met.
• By using less or less harmful materials for
meeting the demand- dematerialization.
• Process related waste prevention.
• Product related waste prevention.
• Service oriented waste prevention.
• Consumption related waste prevention.
 Types of waste management
• Urban waste management

• Municipal waste management

• Radio active waste management

 Examples of waste management in
Japan(1997-2001)
• Recycle of tote bag
• Ibaraki recycling
• Citizen payoff
• Waste reduction coalition
• Waste exchange
• Alternate pulp
• Waste reduction
• Construction waste.
• Recycled goods
• Buy green
Thank you
“THANK YOU..”