TEMPORARY STRUCTURES

General contents:

 Formworks and false-works

 Scaffolds
 Barricades
 Formworks and false-works
General
1. The planning and design of
formwork and falsework
shall be in accordance with
the pertinent provisions of
ANSI A 10.9, Safety
Requirements for Concrete
Construction and Masonry
Work.
 Formworks and false-works
2. All formwork, falsework,
structural shoring, and bracing
shall be designed, erected,
braced, and maintained so that
it will safely support all
vertical and lateral loads that
might be applied until such
loads can be supported by the
structure.
 Formworks and false-works
3. Supporting ground or
completed construction
shall be of adequate
strength to carry the
vertical and lateral loads to
be imposed.
4. Splices shall be designed
and constructed to prevent
buckling and bending.
 Formworks and false-works
5. Diagonal bracing shall be
provided in vertical and
horizontal planes where
required to provide stiffness
and to prevent buckling of
individual members.
6. The design of formwork and
falsework shall be submitted
for review to the Contracting
Officer’s representative.
 Formworks and false-works
7. Drawing or plans showing
the jack layout, formwork,
shoring, working decks,
and scaffolding, shall be
available at the jobsite.
 Formworks and false-works
8. Stripped forms and shoring
shall be removed and
stockpiled promptly after
stripping. Protruding nails,
wire ties, and other form
accessories necessary to
subsequent work shall be
pulled, cut, or other means
taken to eliminate the hazard.
 Vertical Shoring
1. When temporary storage of
reinforcing rods, material,
or equipment on top of
formwork becomes
necessary, these areas
shall be strengthened to
meet the intended loads.
 Vertical Shoring
2. The sills for shoring shall be
sound, rigid, and capable of
carrying the maximum
intended load.
3. All shoring equipment shall be
inspected prior to erection to
determine that it is as
specified in the shoring layout.
Any equipment found to be
damaged shall not be used for
shoring.
 Vertical Shoring
4. Erected shoring equipment
shall be inspected immediately
prior to, during, and
immediately after the
placement of concrete. Any
shoring equipment that is
found to be damaged,
displaced, or weakened shall
be immediately reinforced or
re-shored.
 Vertical Shoring
5. Re-shoring shall be
provided when necessary
to safely support slabs and
beams after stripping or
where such members are
subjected to superimposed
loads due to construction
work done.
 Tubular Welded Frame Shoring
1. Metal tubular frames used
for shoring shall not be
loaded beyond the safe
working load
recommended by the
manufacturer.
 Tubular Welded Frame Shoring
2. All locking devices on frames
and braces shall be in good
working order, coupling pins
shall align the frame or panel
legs, pivoted cross braces
shall have their center pivot in
place, and all components
shall be in a condition similar
to that of original
manufacture.
 Tubular Welded Frame Shoring
3. When checking the erected
shoring frames with the
shoring layout, the spacing
between towers and cross
brace spacing shall not
exceed that shown on the
layout and all locking
devices shall be in the
closed position.
 Tubular Welded Frame Shoring
4. Devices for attaching the
external lateral stability
bracing shall be securely
fastened to the legs of the
shoring frames.
5. All base plates, shore
heads extension devices,
or adjustment screws shall
be in firm contact with the
footing sill and the form.
 Vertical Slip Forms
1. The steel rods or pipe on
which the jacks climb or by
which the forms are lifted
shall be specifically
designed for the purpose.
Such rods shall be
adequately braced where
not encased in concrete.
 Vertical Slip Forms
2. Jacks and vertical supports shall
be positioned in such a manner
that the vertical loads are
distributed equally and do not
exceed the capacity of the jacks.
3. The jacks or other lifting devices
shall be provided with
mechanical dogs or other
automatic holding devices to
provide protection in case of
failure of the power supply or
the lifting mechanism.
 Vertical Slip Forms
4. Lifting shall proceed steadily
and uniformly and shall not
exceed the predetermined safe
rate of lift.
5. Lateral and diagonal bracing of
the forms shall be provided to
prevent excessive distortion of
the structure during the jacking
operation.
6. During jacking operations, the
form structure shall be
maintained in line and plumb.
 Tube and Coupler Shoring
1. Couplers (clamps) shall not be
used if they are deformed,
broken or have defective or
missing threads on bolts, or
other defects.
2. The material used for the
couplers (clamps) shall be of a
structural type such as drop-
forged steel, malleable iron, or
structural grade aluminum.
Gray cast iron shall not be
used.
 Vertical Slip Forms
3. When checking the erected
shoring towers with the
shoring layout, the spacing
between posts shall not
exceed that shown on the
layout and all interlocking
of tubular members and
tightness of couplings shall
be checked.
 Vertical Slip Forms
4. All base plates, shore
heads, extension devices,
or adjustment screws shall
be in firm contact with the
footing sill and the form
material and shall be snug
against the posts.
 Single Post Shores
1. All base plates or shore heads
of single post shores shall be
in firm contact with the
footing sill and the form
materials.
2. Wherever single post shores
are used in more than one tier,
the layout shall be designed
and inspected by a structural
engineer.
 Single Post Shores
3. When formwork is at an
angle, sloping , or when
the surface shored is
sloping, the shoring shall
be designed fro such
loading.
4. Adjustment of single post
shores to raise formwork
shall not be made after
concrete is in place.
 Single Post Shores
5. Fabricated single post shores
and adjusting devices shall not
be used if heavily rusted, bent,
dented, rewelded, or having
broken weldments or other
defects. If they contain timber,
they shall not be used if
timber is split, cut, has
sections removed, is rotted, or
otherwise structurally
damaged.
 Single Post Shores
6. All timber and adjusting
devices to be used for
adjustable timber single post
shores shall be inspected
before erection.
7. All nails used to secure
bracing or adjustable timber
single post shores shall be
driven home and the point of
the nail bent over if possible.
 Scaffolds

AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 COURSE OBJECTIVES
 SCAFFOLDS
 TERMINOLOGIES
 TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
 BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS
 SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE
 INTRODUCTION

1. Scaffolding is one of the highest

risk occupations in this country.
2. Accident tolls linked with
scaffolds are ranges from serious
injury to fatality.
 INTRODUCTION

3. Consequently, it is imperative
that various workers, i.e..
Scaffolders, Scaffold Users,
Foremen, Site Supervisors,
Project Managers, etc. be
trained for safety & practical
scaffolding. This will definitely
reduce or prevent the
occurrence of potential
hazards from scaffold.
 COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. To learn the basic safety

requirements of scaffolding
2. To provide and maintain a safe
working place for the users of
scaffolding.
3. To achieve zero LTI/LTA.
 TERMINOLOGIES

 SOLE PLATE- a timber or

other member of adequate
size and suitable quality
used to distribute the load
from the base plate over an
area of ground, floor joist,
etc.
 TERMINOLOGIES
 ADJUSTABLE BASE PLATE- a
base plate used for
compensating variations in
ground level. Sometimes the
base plate is nailed or pinned to
a sole board to stop lateral
movement.
 LEDGERS- are horizontal tubes
that connect and support the
standards and act as support for
transom.
 TERMINOLOGIES

 LEDGER BRACING- tubes

secured diagonally between
lifts from ledger to ledger or
standard to standard to
ensure stability.
 SCAFFOLD- scaffold is an
elevated working platform
for supporting both
personnel and materials. It
is a temporary structure…
 TERMINOLOGIES

 TRANSOM- a tube spanning

across ledgers to tie a
scaffold transversely, which
may also support a working
platform.
 STANDARD- a tube used as
a column or vertical in the
construction of a scaffold, &
transmitting a load to the
ground via a Base Plate.
 TERMINOLOGIES

 BRACE- a tube diagonally

across two or more
members to afford stability.
 TOE BOARD- a plank
positioned at the edge of a
platform or place so as to
prevent workers, tools and
materials falling from the
platform or place.
 TERMINOLOGIES

 MIDRAIL- a tube secured to

standards midway between
guardrail and platform
 GUARDRAIL- a tube erected
at the edge of platform and
other places to prevent
persons falling from the
platform or place.
 TERMINOLOGIES

 SWAY BRACE- a tube

secured diagonally across
the face of a scaffold to
ensure stability.
 DECKING- close-boarded
scaffold platform.
 COUPLER- a fitting used to
connect scaffolding tubes
together.
 TERMINOLOGIES

 TIE- a tube used to connect a

scaffold to a rigid anchorage.
 JOINT PIN- also known as a
spigot. Used for connecting
two tubes end to end.
 DECKING-close-boarded
scaffold platform.
 TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
 Tube & Coupler Scaffold
 System Scaffolds
 Tubular Welded Frame Scaffold
 Others
 Rolling/Mobile Scaffold
 Trestle Scaffold
 Bamboo Scaffold
 Timber Scaffold
 Suspended Scaffold
 Slung Scaffold
 Suspended Scaffold
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

 Materials
 Foundations
 Ties
 Working Platform
 Guardrails / Toe boards
 Access
 Workmanship
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

MATERIALS
 Materials to be used in
erecting scaffolding should be
in good condition.
 Steel items should be free
from rust.
 Mandatory inspection by
experienced and competent
person to all materials before
use.
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

SCAFFOLD TUBES
 Tubes should be
manufactured & tested.
 3 main types:
 Black Steel Tubes
 Galvanized Steel Tubes
 Aluminum Alloy Tubes
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

 Both black steel and

Galvanized steel tubes
possess the same
properties except
galvanized tubes are more
resistant to corrosion.
 Aluminum tube has the
same outside diameter as
steel but is slightly thicker
and much lighter.
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

SCAFFOLD TUBES INSPECTION

 Straight
 Free from cracks splits, had
dents & excessive corrosion
 Cut square & clean at each
end
 Common faults
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

SCAFFOLD TUBE STORAGE

 Wherever possible tubes
should be sorted according to
length & stored in racks with
their ends flush.
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

SCAFFOLD BOARDS:
 Cat Walk
 Timber Boards
 Timber boards come in 3
thickness, 38mm, 50mm &
63mm & are normally 225mm
wide & 3.90m long.
 Shorter boards are used when
necessary.
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

STORAGE
 SCAFFOLD FITTINGS:
 Should be sorted by type and
kept clean and dry in strong
sacks, lightly oiled to prevent
rust.
 Experienced and competent
person before use should
inspect scaffolds fitting.
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

 Any broken or damage fittings

should be discarded.
 Rusty threads (if not
defective) should be wires
brushed and lightly oiled.

MANAGEMENT OF MATERIALS:
 Should be delivered to site
when required only!
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

 Should be removed and

stored when the job is
finished!
 Ensure correct amounts and
types of materials arrive on
site.
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

FOUNDATIONS:
 The foot of any standards or
upright should be
adequately founded on a
suitable base plate in order
to prevent slipping or
sinking.
 Soil compaction.
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

Sole plates;
 Firm Ground- 500mm long x
225mmx35mm
 Soft Ground – 765mm long
x 225mmz35mm
 Under 2 Stds.-1.55m long x
225mmx35mm
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

TIES
 It is essential that every
scaffold should be securely
tied to the building
structure throughout its
entire length to prevent
movement of the scaffold.
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

RULES OF THUMB.
1. Space ties every other lift and
every 6M along the face of
the scaffold.
2. Ties should be fixed with load
bearing couplers, as close to
the node point as possible.
3. Avoid the use of reveal ties
where possible.
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

RULES OF THUMB.
4. Take full advantage of any
structural features of the
buildings e.g. pillars,
columns, lintels, rebates,
etc. to provide additional
strength and stability to the
tie.
 BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS

RULES OF THUMB.
5. Make sure that the building
is strong enough to support
the tie and the load imposed
on it by the scaffold.
6. Do not remove tie for any
reason until the overall
stability of the scaffold has
been confirmed.
 SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE

 Scafftag is an internationally
used scaffold safety system
and through its simplicity,
encourage and controls the
safety scaffolding and of
those who erect or dismantle
and use it.
 SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE

 The “Scafftag Safety System”

shall be used as a visual
warning system to display the
status (i.e. safe vs. unsafe )
of scaffolding.
 SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE

 As soon as the erection of a

scaffold is completed and
before it is put in use, an
inspection shall be carried out
by the Safety Engineer /
Inspector with particular
attention to:
 Condition of the components
used
 Place where it is erected
 SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE

 Signs indicating its presence

and danger that it may
occur
 Solidity of the base
 Loading and maximum
number of person permitted
to use
 SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE

 Should the scaffolding has

passed for use. A green
Scafftag will be affixed
restricted to the purpose for
it was erected.
 SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE
Should the scaffold present
any danger, then a red tag
shall be attached to all its
access points. Only trained
personnel (Scaffolder) will be
allowed to climb the scaffold
for repair / certification work.
 Re-inspection!
 After repair.
 After severe weather.
SCAFFTAG SAMPLES
 Barricades

1. Any open edges from which a

person is liable to fall a vertical
distance of more than 2 m shall
be protected by suitable fencing
barriers of a height of between
900 mm and 1150 mm.
 WORKSHOP

Scaffold Safety