Leadership

I am more afraid of an army of 100

sheep led by a lion than an army of
100 lions led by a sheep.

—Talleyrand
 Leadership
• Leadership is the ability to influence a group
towards the achievement of a vision or set of
goals.

• It is art of influencing and inspiring human

behavior to achieve common objectives.

• It is action oriented and interpersonal

influence.
 Leadership (Contd…)
• Nonsanctioned leadership—the ability to
influence that arises outside the formal
structure of the organization—is often as
important or more important than formal
influence.

• Leader is the father-figure of organization

who has the ability to persuade others to gain
industrious effort from subordinates to achieve
organizational goal.
 Functions of Leadership
• Goal Determination

•Environmental Adaptation

•Task Focus

•People Focus

•Representation

•Encourage Team Work

LEADERSHIP VERSES MANAGEMENT
LEADERSHIP MANAGEMENT
Formulates a vision Makes a plan budget
Long term focus Short term focus
Motivates Directs
Is idealistic Is realistic
Empowers Controller
Remove barriers Works within barriers
Manages change Manages details
Sets objective Controls process
Tolerates diversity Enforces uniformity
 Trait Approach/ Theories
• It focuses on personal qualities and characteristics.

• This approach differentiate leaders from non-leaders.

•It argues that traits increases likelihood of success as a leader.

•Traits can be:

- Personality-based
-Social-oriented
-Physical-oriented
-Intellectual-oriented
 Important traits of leadership
Conscientiousness (responsible,
achievement driven and dependable)
Agreeableness
Personal integrity
Cognitive ability
Creativity
Emotional Intelligence
Flexibility
 Example
The personal qualities and traits of Indra Nooyi make her a
great leader. Nooyi was CEO and board chairman of PepsiCo,
the second largest food and beverage firm in the world. She is
described as fun loving, sociable, agreeable, conscientious,
emotionally stable, and open to experiences. Nooyi’s
personality traits have contributed to her job performance and
career success. She joined PepsiCo in 1994 as head of
corporate strategy and was promoted to president and chief
financial officer before moving into the firm’s top
management position. Nooyi has been named one of
the most powerful women in business and one of the most
powerful women in the world.
 Important Research Studies Under
Behavioral Approach to Leadership
1. Ohio State Studies: Structure and Consideration
a) Initiating Structure
The extent to which a leader is task-oriented and
concerned with utilizing resources effectively to
accomplish group goals.

The roles of leader and subordinates are defined

and structured for goal attainment.

It includes behavior that attempts to organize

work, work relationships, and goals.
Important Research Studies Under Behavioral
Approach to Leadership (Contd…)
b) Consideration
The extent to which a leader is employee-oriented and
concerned with the quality of relationships with subordinates.

Quality of relationship is characterized by:

•Mutual trust and friendship
•Respect for subordinate’s ideas
•Open communication
•Supportiveness
•Representation of subordinate's interest

Leaders with both dimensions tend to achieve high

employee performance and satisfaction.
Important Research Studies Under Behavioral
Approach to Leadership (Contd…)
2. University of Michigan Studies
a) Employee-oriented
It emphasized on interpersonal relations.
The leader takes personal interest in the needs of
employees.

b) Production-oriented
It emphasized on technical or task aspect of job. The
main concern is to accomplish group task.

c) The managerial Grid

This grid is 9*9 matrix that has two behavioral
dimensions: i.e. concern for people and concern for
production
 Behavioral Approach/ Theories
• Behavioral theories propose that specific
behaviors differentiate leaders form non-leaders.

• It assumes that leaders can be made by teaching

people well, and implanting these behavioral
patterns in individuals who desired to be
effective leaders. Thus, we can have infinite
supply of effective leaders.

• There are 2 basic types of leader behavior/styles

depending of the varying degree of combinations
of the following 2 dimensions.
 Behavioral Approach/ Theories (Contd…)
i) Task-oriented Leader
The leader emphasizes task aspects of the job.
S/he is concerned with optimum utilization of
resources to achieve organizational goals.

ii) People-oriented Leader

The leader emphasizes on quality of interpersonal
relationship.
S/he has high concern for people.

People-oriented leaders are associated with higher

productivity and job satisfaction.
 Situational Approach to Leadership
(Contingency Approach)
• This approach states that the nature of
situation affects leadership.

• There should be a fit between leader

behavior and the demand of the situation.

• Leadership effectiveness is maximized

when leaders correctly make their
behaviors contingent on certain situational
and followers characteristics.
 Fielder’s Contingency Theory
• This theory states that situation determines the most appropriate
leadership style.

• He assumes that an individual’s leadership style is fixed/inflexible/rigid

because of his specific personal traits.

• There is no one style which is the best for all situation. Thus, leadership
should change as per the situation.

• Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group

performance depends on the proper match between the leader’s style and
the degree to which the situation gives the leader control.

• The best situation for any type of leader is when there exists (a) good
leader-member relations, (b) the tasks/jobs of employees are highly
structured/unambiguous (c) the leader enjoys high positional power.
 Hersey and Blanchard’s Situation Leadership
Theory
• Situational leadership theory (SLT) focuses on the
followers.

• It says successful leadership depends on selecting the right

leadership style contingent on the followers’ readiness, or the
extent to which they are willing and able to accomplish a
specific task.

• A leader should choose one of four behaviors depending on

follower readiness.

Style of Leadership
-Telling Style : High in task and low in relationship
-Selling Style : High in task an high in relationship
-Participating Style : Low in task and high in relationship
-Delegating Style : Low in task and low in relationship
 Path-Goal Leadership Theory
It was developed by R.J. House and Martin Evans.

This theory is based on the expectancy the0ry of

motivation.

It describes what leaders must do to motivate

people to perform well and to get satisfied from
their work.

The leaders should be able to provide the

subordinates with the information, support and
other resources and help them to achieve their
goals.
 Path-Goal Leadership Theory
(Contd…)
The essence of this theory is that, it is
the leader’s job to assist subordinates
attain their goals and to provide the
necessary direction or support.

It has emphasized on effective

leadership styles to clarify the path and
help the subordinates to achieve their
goal and make journey easier by
reducing the obstacles.
 Types of Leadership Style (Path-Goal
Style)
Directive: Leader delivers guidance and
methods to accomplish a task.

Supportive: It gives the follower a

psychological and emotional support.

Participative: The leader asks suggestions from

subordinates and encourage them to
participate in decision making.

Achievement Oriented: It encourages the

follower to reach their goal.