Created By-

SHEIKH KHALILUR RAHMAN

PHYSICS TEACHER, SIR JOHN WILSON SCHOOL.
Topics to be discussed -
1. THE SOLAR SYSTEM
2. SATELLITES AND MOONS
3. GRAVITATIONAL FIELD STRENGTH
4. ORBITAL SPEED
5. GALAXY
6. CLASSIFICATION OF STARS
7. LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR
8. DOPPLER EFFECT
9. DOPPLER EQUATION
1. The Solar System
Solar System : The Solar System is the gravitationally bound system of the Sun and the objects
that orbit it, either directly or indirectly.
Our solar system consists of our star, the Sun, and everything bound to it by gravity — the planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, dwarf planets such as Pluto,
dozens of moons and millions of asteroids, comets and meteoroids.
Gravitational force between two objects depend on –
 Masses of two objects.
The greater the masses, stronger the attractive force between them.
 Distance between the masses.
If the distance between the masses increased the force between them decreased
Satelites, Moons and comets
Satellite : Object placed in orbit round the earth or moon or another planet is called satellite.

Moon: Natural satellites are called moon.

Like – earth has 1 moon, Jupiter has 79 moons.

Artificial satellite: Man-made Satellites are

called artificial satellite

Comet: A celestial object consisting of a nucleus of ice

and dust that orbit sun. When it is near the sun,
a ‘tail’ of gas and dust particles pointing away
from the sun. The have very elliptical (prolonged) orbit.
Gravitational Field Strength
Gravitational Field Strength: The strength of gravity on a planet or moon is called its gravitational
field strength, and its symbol is g. Different planets have different mass and different radii –both of
this affect their gravitational field strengths.

 The larger the mass of a planet the greater its gravitational field strength.
 The larger the radius of a planet smaller the gravitational field strength at its surface.
 The gravitational field strength on the Earth is approximately 10N/kg, on the moon it is
1.6N/kg.
Orbital speed
Orbital
   speed formula is –

Speed, V = =
Here, r = orbital radius
T = time for one complete orbit.
Galaxy
A galaxy is a gravitationally bound system of stars, stellar
remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter.
Our galaxy is spiral galaxy called Milkyway.

Research released in 2016 revised the number of galaxies in the observable universe from a previous
estimate of 200 billion (2×1011) to a suggested two trillion (2×1012) or more.
Classification of stars
Using the colours and surface temperature
scientists created 7 groups of stars. Which are-

Among these stars O and B are the hottest, And K

and M are the coolest.
Brightness of a star
There are three different ways in which astronomers describe the brightness of a star.
Those are –

1. The apparent brightness: This is the measure of how bright a star from earth is seen.
2. The absolute brightness: This is the measure of how bright stars would appear if they were
all placed the same distance away from the earth. Astronomers agreed to standard distance of 10
parsecs or 32.6 light years. This the better measure of brightness as it allows to comparison.
3. The luminosity of a star: It measures how much energy in the form of light is emitted from
star’s surface each second.
Life cycle of a star
A star is born once it becomes hot enough for fusion reactions to take place at its core. Stars spend most
of their lives as main sequence stars fusing hydrogen to helium in their centres. The Sun is halfway
through its life as a main sequence star and will swell up to form a red giant star in around 4.5 billion
years.
Steps of star life cycle -
 A Giant Gas Cloud. A star begins life as a large cloud of gas.
 A Protostar Is a Baby Star.
 The T-Tauri Phase.
 Main Sequence Stars.
 Expansion into Red Giant.
 Fusion of Heavier Elements.
 Supernovae and Planetary Nebulae.
 White dwarf/Black hole/Neutron star.
https://youtu.be/4s7vyDLgk3M
Doppler effect
The apparent change in frequency is called Doppler effect.
From the changing pattern of frequency we can assume the movement of object.
 When object move away frequency decreases, so wavelength increases (Line move to red
shift)
 When object come nearer frequency increases, so wavelength decreases (Line move to Blue
shift)
 Darker lines in the light spectrum is called
absorption line. Movement from this lines we
can assume the movement of galaxy or star.
If it moves toward red shift it means that it is
moving away from earth.
Doppler equation
We
  use following equation to calculate the speed of star or galaxy moving –

In symbol : = =

Cosmic Microwave Background radiation:

The cosmic microwave background (CMB, CMBR), in Big Bang cosmology, is
electromagnetic radiation as a remnant from an early stage of the universe, also known as
"relic radiation". The CMB is faint cosmic background radiation filling all space.
X
 During week 6 the comet was behind the sun, that’s why astronomer did not observe it.

The movement line is not straight it is bending toward sun. The distance between the point of

week is not equal.

 
V = = = 107588 km/h

107588
X

X
X

X
Stars and galaxies are mainly made of hydrogen. After fusion reaction hydrogen turns to helium
and carbon. That’s why spectra found from typical galaxies or stars are these elements.
Δλ = 760 – 655 = 105 nm

105
 
We have, =

Þ => v = (3x105 x105) / 655 = 48091 km/s

4.8 x 104
In left side of the galaxy’s spectrum is moving to blue shift comparative to centre, so it
is coming closer. In right side absorption lines are moving to red shift means that part
moving away. So it can be said that the galaxy is spinning.
Thanks for waching this video!

If any further queries please send email to – khalilursr@sjwschool.org

Practice more questions from –

1. Reference book
2. Past papers
3. savemyexams.co.uk (for topic wise and paper wise)
4. https://nhpapers.weebly.com/

References taken from :

1. Reference book
2. Past papers
3. en.wikipedia.org
4. www.siyavula.com
5. www.google.com

Stay home, stay safe and study regularly. Good Luck!