KNS 2153 HYDRAULICS

INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
OPEN CHANNELS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo

 Open Channel Flow

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 Prismatic Channel
 A channel in which the cross-sectional shape and size
and also bottom slope are constant is termed as
prismatic channel.

 Channels with varying cross-sections are non-prismatic.

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 Open Channel

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 Open Channel Flow

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 Open Channel Classification

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 Open Channel Classification

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 Open Channel Classification

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 Open Channel Flow

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 Types of Flow

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 Types of Flow

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 Types of Flow

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 State of Flow

 Governed basically by the effects of viscosity

and gravity relative to the inertial forces of the
flow.

 Surface tension of water may affect the behavior

of flow under certain circumstances, but does
not play a significant role in most open-channel
problems in engineering.

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 Effect of Viscosity
 Flow is laminar if the viscous forces are so strong
relative to inertia forces that viscosity plays a significant
part in the flow behavior. Water particles appear to move
in definite smooth paths.

 The flow is turbulent if the viscous forces are weak

relative to the inertial forces. Water particles move in
irregular paths neither smooth nor fixed but in aggregate
still represent forward motion.

 Between the laminar and turbulent states there is a

mixed, or transitional states.

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 Effect of Viscosity
 The effect of viscosity relative to inertial can be
represented by Reynolds number:

Where V is the velocity, L is the characteristics length here

considered as equal to hydraulic radius of conduit and ν
is the kinematic viscosity of water.

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 State of Flow
 The Darcy-Weisbach developed for pipes flow is:

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 State of Flow

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 Effect of Gravity
 The effect of gravity upon the state of flow is represented
by a ratio of inertial forces to gravity forces.
 This ratio is given by Froude number:

Where V is velocity, g is acceleration of gravity and L is

characteristics length. In open channel, the characteristic
length is equal to the hydraulic depth D which is defined
by the cross sectional area of the water normal to
direction of flow divided by the width of free surface.

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 Effect of Gravity
 If F is less than unity, the flow is subcritical. In this state, the gravity
forces is more pronounced; so the flow has low velocity and is often
described as tranquil and streaming.

 If F is greater than unity, the flow is supercritical. In this state, the

inertial forces become dominant; so the flow has a high velocity and
usually described as rapid, shooting and torrential.

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 Flow Regimes

1) Subcritical-laminar, when F is less than unity and R is in

laminar range.

2) Supercritical-laminar, when F is greater than unity and

R is in the laminar range.

3) Supercritical-turbulent, when F is greater than unity and

R is in the turbulent range.

4) Subcritical-turbulent, when F is less than unity and R is

in the turbulent range.

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 Flow Regimes

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 Flow Resistance for Open Channel
 Rouse (1965) classified flow resistance into four components: 1) surface or
skin friction; 2) form resistance or drag, 3) wave resistance from free surface
distortion, and 4) resistance associated with local acceleration or flow
unsteadiness.

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 Flow Resistance for Open Channel

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 Fully Developed Flow

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 Fully Developed Flow

L varies between 50h to 70h

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 Shear Velocity
 Because of difficulties in direct measurement of the wall
shear stress, the shear velocity is calculated by indirect
method.

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 Shear Velocity

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Prepared By: Charles Bong Hin Joo