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What is Logic?
• Logic is the study of the rules for correct, or valid,
reasoning.
• It is about argumentative that we do to find support for our
reasoning
• Involve the Deduction and Induction process of reasoning
• Logic is happening in our daily life, everyday we use logic
thinking
• Logical analysis is a process that comes naturally to the
human mind
• Process where we are more familiar than we realize
TYPES OF ARGUMENTS
Deductive arguments
An argument in which it is impossible for a conclusion to be false if its premises
are true.
The conclusion claims to follow necessarily from the premises.
Example:
All math classes are time-consuming.
All hard classes are math classes.
Therefore, it necessarily follows that all hard classes are time-consuming.
Inductive arguments
An argument in which it is improbable for the conclusion to be false if its
premises are true.
Conclusion claims to follow probably from the premises.
Example:
Socrates was Greek.
Most Greeks ate fish.
Therefore, Socrates probably ate fish.
Deduction Reasoning
• Reasoning that moves from the general to the specific.
• It is a form of inference where if the premises are true, the
conclusion must also be true.
• Start with a rule and then apply it to new situations.
• Use syllogism
Example:
– All humans have two legs (major premise)
– I am a human, (minor premise),
– Therefore, I have two legs (conclusion).
Example:
The law of gravity says that what goes up must come down, so I bet
if I throw this ball up it will fall back down.
Induction Reasoning
• Reasoning that typically moves from specific examples to a
larger, general conclusion.
• start with your own experience and then generalize a rule.
• If the premises are true, it is probable that the conclusion is
false.
Example:
-Tony dog’s bark when see people
-All dog will bark when see people
Example:
Last few times I cut my hair, it grew back.
after this when I cut my hair it will always grow back.
Deduction is the logical process of
arriving at a conclusion
based on premises you KNOW to be
true.
Certain indicator words lean more towards inductive and some lean towards
deductive. But they’re not always accurate. Pay attention to the context of the
argument.
Example: The word “probably” tends to be used in inductive arguments, and words
like “therefore” and “necessarily” tend to lean towards deductive arguments.
FORMS OF DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
Argument based on mathematics
The conclusion depends on a mathematical or geometric measurement.
Has to be deductive since it follows necessarily --- meaning there’s no room
for it “probably” being right.
Example: 1+1 = 2
There’s no room for a different answer by reevaluating the argument. 1 + 1
will always equal 2. If you have 1+1, then it’ll always equal 2.
Hypothetical Syllogisms
Syllogisms (two premises and one conclusion) that have a conditional statement for one (or
both) of its premises.
Example:
“If monopolies continue to grow, then suppliers will be squeezed even further.
If supplies are squeezed even further, then jobs will be forced overseas.
Therefore, if monopolies continues to grow, then jobs will be forced overseas.
Hypotheticals work like chains…one leads to the next and ties them all together.
What Is a Syllogism?
A specific method of Logical Deduction
(moving from the general to the particular)
Generalization
An argument that is applied to a whole group based on knowledge gained from a
small sample of people.
Example:
Five out of ten people in Ellis Hall said they support abortion. So I can say that half of Athens supports
abortion.
Statistical data is not always accurate, so the truth of this form of argument can not be made
certain. It remains only probable.
Causal inference
Argument that proceeds from knowledge of a cause to a claim about its effect, or vice
versa, that knowledge of an effect can provide information about its cause.
Example:
I left a soda in the freezer last night, so I can assume that it is frozen.
THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND
Overlaps can happen between arguments.
Example: If one triangle has its hypotenuse as length X, then a congruent triangle
will also have a hypotenuse as length X.
This can be mistaken for an argument for analogy because you’re comparing two triangles.
But it’s dealing with math, so it has to be an argument based on mathematics.
Tomatoes
Is this True, Valid, or Both?
• No human being is immortal.
• Ghosts are not human beings.
• Therefore, ghosts are immortal.
plants
The conclusion here does not
logically follow as a
flowers necessary consequence;
weeds therefore this argument is
invalid.
Fallacy
What is Fallacy?
• Error in reasoning
• Differ with factual error
• Fallacy is an "argument" in which the premises given
for the conclusion do not provide the needed degree
of support
• Misconception resulting from incorrect reasoning in
argumentation.
• Fallacies are statements that might sound reasonable
or superficially true but are actually flawed or
dishonest
PERSONAL ATTACK
Poisoning the Well“
Attacking or praising the people who make an argument,
rather than discussing the argument itself.
Personal character of an individual is logically irrelevant to
the truth or falseness of the argument itself
Appeal to Force ("Might-Makes-Right" ): This argument uses
force, the threat of force, or some other unpleasant backlash
to make the audience accept a conclusion. It commonly
appears as a last resort when evidence or rational arguments
fail to convince a reader.
-Abusive
This persuasion comes from irrational psychological
transference rather than from an appeal to evidence
or logic concerning the issue at hand.
-Circumstantial
To argue that an opponent should accept an
argument because of circumstances in his or her life.
Genetic Fallacy
The genetic fallacy is the claim that an idea, product,
or person must be untrustworthy because of its
racial, geographic, or ethnic origin.
Argumentum ad Populum
Bandwagon Approach: “Everybody is doing it.”
Majority of people believes an argument or chooses a
particular course of action, the argument must be
true, or the course of action must be followed, or the
decision must be the best choice.
-Patriotic Approach:
Genetic Fallacy
• The genetic fallacy is the claim that an idea, product, or
person must be untrustworthy because of its racial,
geographic, or ethnic origin.
•Attempting to endorse or disqualify a claim because of the
origin or irrelevant history of the claim.
Example: Frank just got out of jail last year; since it was his
idea to start the hardware store, I can't trust him.
Appeal to the Popular @ Argumentum ad Populum
Urging the hearer to accept a position because a majority of people hold to it.
Example: The majority of people like soda. Therefore, soda is good.
Bandwagon Approach:
“Everybody is doing it.” Patriotic Approach: Snob Approach:
Majority of people "Draping oneself in the “all the best people are
believes an argument flag." doing it.”
or chooses a particular This argument asserts attempting to prove a
course of action, the that a certain stance is conclusion by
argument must be true or correct because appealing to what an
true, or the course of it is somehow patriotic, elite or a select few
action must be and that those who (but not necessarily an
followed, or the disagree are authority) in a society
decision must be the unpatriotic. thinks or believes.
best choice
You have to choose between 3 rooms
• The first is full of raging fires
• The second is full of tigers that haven’t eaten
for 3 years
• The third is fully of assassins with loaded
machine guns
Which room should you choose?
THE END
Thank You