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FINANCIAL ASSETS
What are financial assets of businesses?
Financial Assets are an assets that can
be readily converted into cash.
These include cash and bank accounts,
account receivable plus securities and
short term investment accounts.
These assets can be converted into cash
in a reasonably short period of time - one
year at most, but less time in many
cases.
1. What is cash?
Cash is a medium of exchange which a
bank will accept for deposit and
immediate credit to the depositor’s
account.
It is the most liquid of all assets and the
most readily available to pay debts.
It is central to the operating cycle
because all operating transactions
eventually use or generate cash.
The criteria generally used to define cash are
it should be a medium of exchange,
it should be available immediately for the payment of current
debts, and
It should be free from any contractual restriction which would
prevent management of the business enterprise from using
it to meet any and all obligations.
For example; Strictly speaking saving deposit
may not be withdrawn without prior notice to the
bank, but banks very seldom enforce this
requirement.
Because of the role of cash plays in
financial transactions, internal control of
cash is needed.
Cash Control Methods
The following ways are used as controlling
method of cash:
Bank statement
imprest systems
Bank Statements
It Shows the beginning bank balance, deposits made, checks paid,
other debits and credits in the month, and the ending bank
balance.
The cash balance indicated on the monthly bank statement seldom
agrees with the cash balance indicated by the depositor’s ledger
account for cash.
The bank statement and cash account in the ledger do not agree
even if they are maintain to measure the same quantity. This is due
to that there is time lag between the time that transactions are
recognized by the two parties and some other errors.
To verify this fact the two independent records should be
compared . When differences arise they must be corrected.
In correcting the errors of bank statement we may use either of
the two forms of bank reconciliations.
FORMS OF BANK RECONCILIATION
+ Deposits by Bank
+ Deposits in Transit (credit memos)
- Service Charge
- Outstanding Checks - NSF Checks
31 Supplies Inventory 28
Accounts Receivable 225
Cash 253
Imprest Systems
Imprest system is a kind of financial accounting system,
and is most commonly used for petty cash.
It consists of a cash balance which is replenished at the
end of the period or when circumstances require it
Most companies need to keep some currency and coins
on hand for small payments.
These currency and coins are needed for paying
expenses that are impractical to pay by check,
Thus, this helps to control a cash fund and cash
advances.
PETTY CASH FUND
a petty cash fund is established at a fixed amount. It is
a common form of imprest system.
The fund is periodically reimbursed, based on the
documented expenditures, by the exact amount
necessary to restore its original cash balance.
The replenishment check is equal in amount to the
expenditures made from the fund. As each cash
payment is made, a voucher or receipt is placed in the
fund in lieu of the cash removed.
The vouchers should reviewed and canceled when the
fund is replenished
Example:
Assume that on January 1, 2011 ABC company established a
petty cash of Birr 250. On January 20, 2011 the Cashier
requested replenishment for the bills paid during the period.
The following itemized list of payments from petty cash was
presented on January 20 for replenishment and on January
31, 2011 in connection with the month end audit.
Example: On January 31, 2011, ABC company placed an order with the broker to buy 100,
$1000, at 9% XYZ company bonds which mature on November 30, 2014, with interest dates
May 31 and November 30. The bonds were purchased on the same day at 1030, plus
accrued interest of $1,500 for two months. The brokerage commission was $500.
The total cost of the bonds and the total cash outlay are computed as follows
The total cost of the bonds and the total cash
outlay are computed as follows
Market price of bonds ($1030 x 100) $103,000
Add: Brokerage commission 500
Total cost of Bonds 103,500
Add: Accrued interest for 2 months on $100,000 @9% per 1500
year
Total cash outlay $105,000
The journal entry required to record the purchase of the bond is given below
April 30, 2011 ABC company sold the XYZ company bonds at 1047.50 plus
accrued interest for five months. The amount of the brokerage commission is
$500. How much is the cash amount received from sales of the bond?
Computation of cash received from sales of bonds:
Market price of bonds ($1047.50 x 100) $104,750
Less Brokerage commission 500
Proceeds on sales of Bonds $104,250
Add: Accrued interest for 5 months on $100,000 @9%P.A 3750
Total cash received $108,000
Journal entry to record the sale of bonds on April 30, 2011 is as follows
Cash $108,000
Short term investment $103,500
Accrued Interest receivable 1,500
Interest Revenue 2,250
Gain from sales of short term investment 750
A principle of Asset Valuation: Market to Market
At
At the
the end
end of
of each
each period,
period,
record
record an
an estimate
estimate of
of the
the
uncollectible
uncollectible accounts.
accounts.
Selling
Sellingexpense Contra-asset
expense Contra-assetaccount
account
Approaches to estimate the Allowance for
Doubtful Accounts
There is no way to tell in advance which account
receivable will prove to be uncollectable
Therefore, an alternative solution is applied to
estimate uncollectible accounts and credit a
separate account called “ Allowance for Doubtful
Accounts”.
It is described as contra –asset account or a
valuation account.
The balance of allowance for doubtful account is
offset against the accounts receivable to produces
net realizable values
The net realizable value is the amount of accounts
receivable that the business expects to collect.
The balance sheet approach; the most widely used method of estimating
the probable amount of uncollectible accounts; is based on aging the
accounts receivable.
Aging accounts receivable means classifying each receivable according
to its age
Under aging method, the longer an account is past due, the greater the
likelihood that it will not be collected in full.
If the allowance for doubtful account has a credit balance prior to
adjustment of the current period, the credit balance should be deducted
from the total amount of estimated uncollectible balance of current
period.
If the Allowance for doubtful account has a debt balance, prior to the
adjustment of the current period, the debit balance should be added
with the current uncollectible amounts
Estimating Credit Losses — The
“Balance Sheet” Approach
Year-end
Year-end Accounts
Accounts Receivable
Receivable is
is broken
broken
down
down into
into age
age classifications.
classifications.
Each
Each age
age grouping
grouping has
has aa different
different
likelihood
likelihood ofof being
being uncollectible.
uncollectible.
Compute
Compute aa separate
separate allowance
allowance for
for each
each
age
age grouping.
grouping.
EXAMPLE:
At December 31, 2003, the receivables for
EastCo, Inc. were categorized as follows:
At December 31, 2003, the receivables for
EastCo, Inc. were categorized as follows:
East
East Co’s
Co’s unadjusted
unadjusted balance
balance in
in
the
the allowance
allowance account
account is
is $500.
$500.
Based
Based on
on the
the computation,
computation, the
the
desired
desired balance
balance isis $1,350.
$1,350.
2. The Income Statement Approach
An income statement approach focuses on
estimating the uncollectible accounts
expenses for the period
Based on prior experience the
uncollectible account expense is estimated
at some percentage of net credit sales
The adjusting entry is made in the full
amount of the estimated expenses, without
regard for the current balance in the
Allowance for Doubtful accounts
Focus is on determining the amount to
record on the income statement as
Uncollectible Accounts Expense.
The Income Statement Approach to Estimating Credit
Losses
Net
Net Credit
Credit Sales
Sales
%
% Estimated
Estimated Uncollectible
Uncollectible
Amount
Amount of
of Journal
Journal Entry
Entry
Example 1:
Assume that a company's past experience indicates that
about 2% of its credit sales will prove to be
uncollectible. If credit sales for September amount to be
Birr 150,000, the month end adjusting entry to record
uncollectible accounts expense is
Uncollectible accounts expense 3,000
Allowance for Doubtful accounts 3,000
Adjusting journal entry
Uncollectible Accounts
Summary
%
%of
ofReceivables
Receivables Aging
Agingof
ofReceivables
Receivables %
%of
ofSales
Sales
Emphasis
Emphasisonon Emphasis
Emphasisonon Emphasis
Emphasison
onMatching
Matching
Realizable
RealizableValue
Value Realizable
RealizableValue
Value
Income
Income
Balance
BalanceSheet
Sheet Balance
BalanceSheet
Sheet Statement
Statement
Focus
Focus Focus
Focus Focus
Focus
Writing Off an Uncollectible Account
Receivable
Before After
Write-Off Write-Off
Accounts receivable $ 10,000 $ 9,500
Less: Allow. for doubtful accts. 2,500 2,000
Net realizable value $ 7,500 $ 7,500
Notice that the $500 write-off did not change the net realizable value
and did it affect any income statement accounts.
Recovery of an Account Receivable Previously Written
Off
Subsequent
Subsequent collections
collectionsrequire
requirethat
that the
theoriginal
originalwrite-off
write-off
entry
entrybe
bereversed
reversed before
beforethe
thecash
cashcollection
collectionis
isrecorded.
recorded.
GENERAL JOURNAL
P
Date Account Titles and Explanation R Debit Credit
Accounts Receivable (X Customer) $$$$
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts $$$$
Cash $$$$
Accounts Receivable (X Customer) $$$$
Direct Write-Off Method
This method makes no attempt to match
revenue with the expense of uncollectible
accounts.
Accounts Receivable Bad Debt Expense (Using Aging Schedul
e For Uncollectible Accounts).mp4
Notesreceivable
Notes receivableand
andInterest
Interest Revenue
Revenue
Account receivables usually do not bear interest
Account receivables usually do not bear interest
When interest will be charged, creditors usually require the debtors to
Whena interest
sign will be charged,
formal promissory note.creditors usually require the debtors to sign
a formal promissory note.
Maker of the note is the person who sign the note and thereby to pay
Theamount
the person who sign
of the the note and thereby to pay is maker of the note
note.
The person
The persontotowhom
whompayment
payment is to
is be
to made is called
be made the payee
is called of the of
the payee note.
the
note.
The maker of the note is expected to pay cash at the maturity date of the
note
The maker of the note is expected to pay cash at the maturity date of
If the
the term of a note is expressed in days, the exact number of days in each
note
month must be considered in determining the maturity date of the note
If the term of a note is expressed in days, the exact number of days in
The day
each on which
month must bea note is datedinis determining
considered not counted, the
but maturity
the date on which
date it
of the
matures is included.
note
For example:
The day on A two
which a daysisnote
note dated dated
is today
not will but
counted, matures
the the on
date daywhich
after
tomorrow.
it matures is included.
For example: A two days note dated today will matures the day after
tomorrow.
Example
Assume that on December 1 a 90 day, 6% note receivable is acquired from a
customer, ”A” in settlement of an existing account receivable of 60,000.
The entry or acquisition of the note is as follows
Notes Receivable 60,000
Accounts receivable 60,000
The entry to record the interest accrued end of accounting period Dec. 31.
and others are as follows
Interest receivable 300
Interest Revenue 300
Entry on the date of maturity of note
Cash 60,900
Notes Receivable 60,000
Interest receivable 300
Interest Revenue 600
Dishonored Notes
When the maker of a note fails to pay on the due date, the note
receivable is considered to be dishonored. A dishonored note is no
longer negotiable.
The note receivable that cannot be collected at the maturity date is
said to be have been defaulted by the maker.
Immediately after the default of a note, an entry should be made by
the holder to transfer the amount due from the notes receivable
account to an account receivable from the debtor.
Assume that On March 1, customer A had defaulted on the note
used in the preceding example. In this case the entry on March 1
should be as follows
Account receivable (A) 60,900
Notes Receivable 60,000
Interest Receivable 300
Interest Revenue 600