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Air Interface
DL UE eNodeB
eNodeB eNodeB
UE 3
UL
UE 1
1. Duplex 2. Multiple
UE 2
Transmission Access
4 © Nokia Siemens Networks TM51213EN03GLA1
LTE FDD and TDD Modes
Uplink Downlink
Guard
Period
Downlink
f f
Duplex Frequency
• Simpler solution
• DL & UL are duplexed in time rather than in frequency => TDD (Time Division
Duplexing)
• DL & UL share the same bandwidth
• DL and UL are active in different subframes
Frequency
FDD TDD
Uplink
Downlink Time
Wasted throughput is also
Throughput affected
Only this is We get what we need
needed
DL UL DL UL
TX Duplex Filter
TX
Power
amplifier
RX Duplex Filter
RX
Low-Noise
amplifier
Channel Filter
TX
Power
amplifier
TX
Duplexer
Channel Filter RX
RX
Low-Noise
amplifier
FDD and TDD modes Harmonization FDD and TDD modes differences
(commonalities) regarding the air interface
e
Power
m
FDMA
Ti
Frequency Division
1 2 3 4 5 Multiple Access
TDMA 1G e.g. AMPS,
Time Division 5 NMT, TACS
4
Multiple Access, 3
2G e.g. GSM, 2
PDC 12
OFDMA
3 CDMA
Orthogonal 5
1 Code Division
Frequency Division 3
4 5 Multiple Access
Multiple Access 2
1 3G e.g. UMTS,
e.g. LTE 3 1 CDMA2000
5
4
4 2 3
2
1
Frequency
11 © Nokia Siemens Networks TM51213EN03GLA1
Multiple Access
• OFDMA and SC-FDMA will be used for both FDD and TDD Modes!
1
Ts fs
Ts fs
Inverse
time
Fourier
Transform frequency f/fs
Advantages:
+ Simple to implement: there is no complex filter
system required to detect such pulses and to Disadvantage:
generate them.
- it allocates a quite huge spectrum. However the
+ The pulse has a clearly defined duration. This is spectral power density has null points exactly at
a major advantage in case of multi-path multiples of the frequency fs = 1/Ts. This will be
propagation environments as it simplifies handling important in OFDM.
of inter-symbol interference.
…intercepts the
‘nulls’ of the
neighbouring
subcarriers
• Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers, each subcarrier only transports a
part of the whole transmission
• The throughput is the sum of the data rates of each individual (or used) subcarriers while
the power is distributed to all used subcarriers
• FFT ( Fast Fourier Transform) is used to create the orthogonal subcarriers. The number of
subcarriers is determined by the FFT size ( by the bandwidth)
Power bandwidth
frequency
17 © Nokia Siemens Networks TM51213EN03GLA1
The OFDM Signal
d1< d2 < d3
d2
+
Tt
d1
(Direct path)
BTS
BTS
Time 0 Ts d3
Time 0 Tt Ts+Tt
Time Domain
TSYMBOL Tg
(Direct path)
1 Guard Period (GP)
TSYMBOL time
TSYMBOL time
time
21 © Nokia Siemens Networks TM51213EN03GLA1
Propagation Delay Exceeding the Guard Period
2
1
3
4
Time Domain T
SYMBOL Tg
1
Obviously when
the delay spread time
of the multi-path
2
environment is
greater than the
guard period time
duration (Tg), then
we encounter 3
inter-symbol
interference (ISI) time
time
2
1
3
Tcp Tsymb
1
CP symbol CP symbol CP symbol
time
2
CP symbol CP symbol CP symbol
3
CP symbol CP symbol CP symbol
In LTE the slot of 500 µs is subdivided in the (useful part of the) symbol (grey)
and CPs as follows:
T [TS] 160 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048 144 2048
T [µs] 5,2 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7 4,7 66,7
max. delay [km] 1,6 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,4
For the extended CP slot structure the overall 500 µs is kept but the number
of symbols is reduced in order to extent the cyclic prefix durations:
T [TS] 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048 512 2048
T [µs] 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7 16,7 66,7
∆fsub-used
Power Density
Saved
Bandwidth
I3
I1
I4
I0
f0 f1 f2 f3 f4
f0 f1 f2 fN-1 freq.
Time Domain Signal
Frequency Domain
D
D
I Low
Low I
Serial
Serial to
to
Generation
Generation
Pass
CP/Guard
Pass
CP/Guard
Binary Parallel
Parallel A
A
x0, x1, …, xN-1 IQ
IQ RF
Coded Converter
Converter . IFFT
IFFT
Data Split
Split
(Bit
(Bit . Time Q D
D
Distrib.)
Distrib.) . Domain Low Q
Low
Pass
Pass
A
A
-sin(2πfct)
• Each entry to the IFFT module
bN-1 0 … Modulation sN-1
Modulation corresponds to a different sub-
Mapper
Mapper
carrier
• Each sub-carrier is modulated
independently
• Modulation Schemes:
33 © Nokia Siemens Networks TM51213EN03GLA1
• BPSK,QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
OFDMA
Correction
Bit
Bit Mapping
Channel Correction
Mapping
Frequency Domain
A
Amp.
A
Noise Amp.
rotator
Distribution
I
Bit Distribution
Windowing +
Bandpass
Demodulator
RF
++ Bandpass
Demodulator
D
D . . . . Soft Bit
FFT
Low Noise
. . . . Coded
Data
signal autocorrelation
Channel
. . . .
signal strength
Q A
A
Low
Bit
phase correction
D
D
j
s’N-1 sN-1 BN-1 0 …
AGC
AGC Bit
Bit Mapping
Mapping
LNA gain
Automatic
response
Automatic
channel
adjust
Gain
Gain Control
Control reference QPSK
time
(pilot)
Im
Channel 01 11
Channel
Frequency
Frequency And
And Timing
Timing Sync
Sync Estimation
Estimation d11
sk
Re
d10
00 10
35 © Nokia Siemens Networks TM51213EN03GLA1
OFDMA
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Channel edge
Channel edge
Resource block
5. Sampling rate fs
B
180 KHz
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 allocation unit.
0 1 2
0 1 2
R3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
– 1 RE is the equivalent of 1
modulation symbol on a
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 subcarrier, i.e. 2 bits for QPSK,
4 bits for 16QAM and 6 bits for
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
64QAM.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Subcarrier 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
12
1 slot 1 slot Resource
1 ms subframe Element
Number of 6 15 25 50 75 100
Resource Blocks
The real data rate of the user will be further reduced if the physical layer overhead is considered.
Also the higher layers may introduce overhead as shown in chapter number 2. For example IP ,
PDCP , RLC and MAC are introducing their own headers.
This type of overheads are not discussed here
1.-Plain OFDM
subcarrier
and do not really need an uplink feedback channel ...
(although such systems exist too). . . . . .
. . . . .
•Now we have to analyze how to handle access of . . . . . ...
multiple users simultaneously to the system, each one ...
using OFDM.
...
...
...
1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)
subcarrier
(subcarriers) and it is thus rather difficult to 1 2 3 1 2 ...
implement flexible (high and low) bit rate . . . . .
. . . . .
services. . . . . . ...
• Furthermore it is nearly impossible to handle
...
highly variable traffic (e.g. web traffic) efficiently
without too much higher layer signaling and the 1 2 3 1 2 ...
resulting delay and signaling overhead. 1 2 3 1 2 ...
1 2 3 1 2 ...
1 UE 1 2 UE 2 3 UE 3 common info
(may be addressed via
Higher Layers)
48 © Nokia Siemens Networks TM51213EN03GLA1
OFDMA®
Orthogonal Frequency
Multiple Access
•OFDMA® stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division OFDMA®
Multiple Access time
•It is a registered trademark by Runcom Ltd.
...
•The basic idea is to assign subcarriers to users based on
their bit rate services. With this approach it is quite easy to 1 1 1 2 2 ...
handle high and low bit rate users simultaneously in a 1 1 1 2 2 ...
single system.
subcarrier
•But still it is difficult to run highly variable traffic efficiently. 1 1 1 2 2 ...
. . . . .
•The solution to this problem is to assign to a single users . . . . .
so called resource blocks or scheduling blocks.
1. 1. 1. . . ...
•Such block is simply a set of some subcarriers over
some time. 1 1 1 ...
•A single user can then use one or more Resource blocks. 3 3 3 3 3 ...
3 3 3 3 3 ...
3 3 3 3 3 ...
• All 1200 subcarriers are transmitted (assuming that the system bandwidth is 20
MHz)
• No difference between the subcarriers used for physical layer overhead and the
subcarriers used for transmission of user data
– No difference between different physical channels like e.g. PBCH (Physical Broadcast
Channel). The difference could be seen in parameters like e.g. modulation
• Cyclic prefix insertion neglected (less relevant for simulation – impact on symbol
duration only)
b10
b20
Serial
Serial to
to
Binary
Parallel
Parallel
Coded
Converter
Converter
Data
(Bit
(Bit
Distrib.)
Distrib.)
bN-1
A random string is generated with N=1200 integers numbers from 0 to 3 that needs to be transmitted;
For simplicity only first 40 integers are plotted (the same is true for the rest of the simulation)
One can look at this sequence vertically, as being the output of the serial to parallel block (only one
OFDM symbol is transmitted )
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial
Serial to
to Low
Low I
I
Generation
Generation
CP/Guard
Pass
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel
Parallel Pass
x0, x1, …, xN-1 IQ
IQ A
A RF
Data Converter
Converter . IFFT
IFFT Split
Split
(Bit
(Bit . Time Q D
D
Low
Low Q
Distrib.)
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
Pass
A
A
-sin(2πfct)
bN-1 0 … Modulation
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Mapper
• QPSK modulation
assumed
(16QAM or 64QAM also
possible)
Modulation
Modulation s1
Mapper
Mapper
.
.
.
Modulation
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Mapper
Note that the sequence s0 … sN-1 is a complex sequence = I + jQ (Inphase and Quadrature)
55 © Nokia Siemens Networks TM51213EN03GLA1
OFDM Transmitter
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial
Serial to
to Low
Low I
I
Generation
Generation
CP/Guard
Pass
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel
Parallel Pass
x0, x1, …, xN-1 IQ
IQ A
A RF
Data Converter
Converter . IFFT
IFFT Split
Split
(Bit
(Bit . Time Q D
D
Low
Low Q
Distrib.)
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
Pass
A
A
-sin(2πfct)
bN-1 0 … Modulation
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Mapper
Result interpretation:
1. The signal is complex =
I+jQ
2. The signal is almost white
noise (1200 subcarriers
each with equal magnitude)
57 © Nokia Siemens Networks TM51213EN03GLA1
IFFT Result -> Frequency Domain
The spectrum is split in 2 parts Low pass filtering required
because of the zero padding in
to achieve a compact spectrum
the middle of the sequence
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial
Serial to
to Low
Low I
I
Generation
Generation
CP/Guard
Pass
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel
Parallel Pass
x0, x1, …, xN-1 IQ
IQ A
A RF
Data Converter
Converter . IFFT
IFFT Split
Split
(Bit
(Bit . Time Q D
D
Low
Low Q
Distrib.)
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
Pass
A
A
-sin(2πfct)
bN-1 0 … Modulation
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Mapper
• Digital to
Analog
Conversion
and Low Pass
Filtering
D
D
Low
Q
Low
Pass
Pass
A
A
Note the delay produced by the filtering process (low pass filtering)
60 © Nokia Siemens Networks TM51213EN03GLA1
OFDM Transmitter
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial
Serial to
to Low
Low I
I
Generation
Generation
CP/Guard
Pass
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel
Parallel Pass
x0, x1, …, xN-1 IQ
IQ A
A RF
Data Converter
Converter . IFFT
IFFT Split
Split
(Bit
(Bit . Time Q D
D
Low
Low Q
Distrib.)
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
Pass
A
A
-sin(2πfct)
bN-1 0 … Modulation
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Mapper
• Up -
Conversion
Frequency Domain
Binary Serial
Serial to
to Low
Low I
I
Generation
Generation
CP/Guard
Pass
CP/Guard
Coded Parallel
Parallel Pass
x0, x1, …, xN-1 IQ
IQ A
A RF
Data Converter
Converter . IFFT
IFFT Split
Split
(Bit
(Bit . Time Q D
D
Low
Low Q
Distrib.)
Distrib.) . Domain
Pass
Pass
A
A
-sin(2πfct)
bN-1 0 … Modulation
Modulation sN-1
Mapper
Mapper