5.

3 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions

Definitions
Term: a number or a product of a number and variables raised
to a power.
3, 5 x ,  2 x, 9 x y
2 2

Coefficient: the numerical factor of each term.

5 x 2 ,  2 x, 9 x 2 y
Constant: the term without a variable.
3,  6, 5, 32
Polynomial: a finite sum of terms of the form axn, where a is a
real number and n is a whole number.
15 x  2 x  5
3 2 21 y 6  7 y 5  2 y 3  6 y
5.3 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
Definitions
Monomial: a polynomial with exactly one term.
2
ax , rt , 2x ,4
9m, 2
9x y
Binomial: a polynomial with exactly two terms.

x  8, r  3, 5 x 2  2 x, 2 x  9 x 2 y
Trinomial: a polynomial with exactly three terms.

x 2  x  8, r 5  3r  3, 5x2  2x  7
 5.3 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
Definitions
The Degree of a Term with one variable is the exponent on
the variable.
5x 2  2, 2x 4  4, 9m  1
The Degree of a Term with more than one variable is
the sum of the exponents on the variables.
7x y  3,
2
2x y  6,
4 2
9mn z  10
5 4

The Degree of a Polynomial is the greatest degree of

the terms of the polynomial variables.

2 x  3 x  7  3,
3
2 x y  5x y  6 x  6
4 2 2 3
 5.3 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
Practice Problems
Identify the degrees of each term and the degree of the
polynomial.

5x  4 x  5x
3 2
3a b  2ab  9b  4
2 4 5 3

3 2 1 6 6 3 0
3 6

4 x 5 y 4  5 x 4 y 5  6 x 3 y 3  2 xy
9 9 6 2
9
5.3 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
Practice Problems
Evaluate each polynomial function
f   1 f  x   3x 2  10

3  1  10  3 1  10  3  10  7
2

g  3 g  y   6 y 2  11 y  20

6  3  11 3  20  6  9  33  20 
2

54  33  20  87  20  67
5.4 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
Multiplication
Multiplying Monomials by Monomials
Examples:

10 x  9 x  90x 2

8 x  11x   10
3 7
 88x

 5x 4
  x  5x 5
5.4 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
Multiplication
Multiplying Monomials by Polynomials
Examples:

4 x  x  4 x  3  4x 16x 12x
2 3 2

8 x  7 x  1  56x 8x
4 5

 5x   3x
3 2
 x  2   15x 5x 10x
5 4 3
 5.4 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
Multiplication
Multiplying Two Polynomials
Examples:

 x  5  x  10 x  3 
2
x 3
10x 2
3x 5x 2
50x 15
x 3 15x 2 47x 15

  x  5  3x  4  
4 x 2

12x3 16x 23x 24x 15x 20 

12x 13x 11x 20
3 2
 5.4 – Multiplying Polynomials
Special Products
Multiplying Two Binomials using FOIL
First terms Outer terms Inner terms Last terms

 x  3  x  4   x 2
4x 3x 12 
x 7x 12
2

 x  7  x  4   x 2
4x 7x 28 

x 2 3x 28
 5.4 – Multiplying Polynomials
Special Products
Multiplying Two Binomials using FOIL
First terms Outer terms Inner terms Last terms

 2 y 2
 3  
y  4  2 y 3
8y 2
3y 12 

2 y 8y 3y 12

3 2

y  4  y  4  y  4 
2 2 2 2

y 4 y 4 y 16  y 8y 16

4 2 2 4 2
 5.4 – Multiplying Polynomials
Special Products
Squaring Binomials

 a  b   a  2ab  b
2 2 2

 
2
a  b  a 2
 2 ab  b 2

  2  20x  25 
2
4 x  5  16x 2

16 x  40 x  25
2

 3x  6   9x 2  18x  36 

2 2

9 x 2  36 x  36
 5.4 – Multiplying Polynomials
Special Products
Multiplying the Sum and Difference of Two Binomials
 a  b  a  b   a 2
 b 2

 x  9  x  9   x 2
9x 9x 81  x 2
 81

 3x  5  3x  5  9x 2
15x 15x 25  9 x  25
2

 x  8 x  8  x  64
2

 5 x  13 5 x  13  25 x  169

2
5.4 – Multiplying Polynomials
Special Products
Dividing by a Monomial
ab a b
  where c  0
c c c
21x  9 x  12 x
8 6 4

3

3x
8 6 4
21x 9x 12 x
3
 3  3 
3x 3x 3x

7x 3x 4x
5 3
 6.4 – Dividing Polynomials
Long Division
Review of Long Division
285 783  4
5 3
57 195 195 
5 285 4 783 4
 25 4 3
35 38 195
4
 35  36
0 23
 20
3
 6.4 – Dividing Polynomials
Long Division

x 2  12 x  35 x 7
 x  5 x  5 x 2  12 x  35
  x 2  5x 
7 x  35
 7 x  35
0

 x  5  x  7   x 2  12 x  35
 6.4 – Dividing Polynomials
Long Division

8x 2  2 x  7 4
4x  3  2x 1
 2 x  1
2x 1 8x 2  2x  7
  4 x
2
8 x
6x  7
  6x  3 
4

 4 
 2 x  1  4 x  3  
2x 1 
 8x  2 x  7
2


 6.4 – Dividing Polynomials
Long Division

 2 x 2  15 3

 2x  6 x  3
 x  3
x  3  2 x 2  0 x  15
   2 x 2
 6x 
 6 x  15
   6 x  18 
3

 3 
 x  3   2 x  6    2 x 2  15
 x 3
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring Trinomials  x  bx  c
2

 x  4   x  5  x 2
 5 x  4 x  20  x  9 x  20
2

 x  4   x  5  x  9 x  20
2

20 is the result of the product of 4 and 5.

9 is the result of the sum of 4 and 5.

Factors of 20 are: 1, 20 2, 10 4, 5
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring Trinomials  x  bx  c
2

x  10 x  24
2

Factors of 24 are: 1, 24 2, 12 3, 8 4, 6

x x 
 x  4  x  6
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring Trinomials  x  bx  c
2

x  27 x  50
2

Factors of 50 are: 1, 50 2, 25 5,10

x x 

 x  2   x  25
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring Trinomials  x  bx  c
2

4 x  24 x  36
2

4  x  6x  9
2

Factors of 9 are: 1, 9 3, 3

4 x x 
4  x  3  x  3
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring Trinomials  ax  bx  c2

2 x  11x  12
2

Factors of 12 are: 1, 12 2,6 3, 4

Factors of 2 are: 1, 2

 x  x 
 x  4   2 x  3
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials

x  12 x  36 
2
x  13x  36 
2

 x  x   x  x 
 x  6  x  6  x  4 x  9
 x  6 2
Not a perfect square
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials
x  18 x  81 
2
9 x  42 x  49 
2

 x  x   x  x 
 x  9  x  9  3x  7   3x  7 
 x  9 2
 3x  7  2
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring the Difference of Two Squares
9s  1 
2
 3s  1  3s  1

p  81 
2
 p  9  p  9

4 x  100  Not the difference

2
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring the Difference of Two Squares
121x  49 y 
2 2
 11x  7 y   11x  7 y 

9  3  3
64c 
2
  8c    8c  
25  5  5
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring the Sum or Difference of Two Cubes
3 3

a  b   a  b  a  ab  b 2 2

a b
3 3
  a  b  a 2
 ab  b 2

x  27
3

 x 3   x  3x  9
2

 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring the Sum or Difference of Two Cubes
3 3

a  b   a  b  a  ab  b 2 2

a b
3 3
  a  b  a 2
 ab  b 2

y 8
3

 y2   y  2y  4
2

 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring the Sum or Difference of Two Cubes
3 3

a  b   a  b  a  ab  b 2 2

a b3 3
  a  b  a 2
 ab  b 2

x  64 y
3 3

 x  4y   x  4 xy
2
16 y 
2
 5.7 - Factoring Polynomials
Factoring the Sum or Difference of Two Cubes

a  b   a  b  a  ab  b
3 3
 2 2

a b 3 3
  a  b  a 2
 ab  b 2

27 a  b a
2 3 2


a 27  b
2 3

a 2
 3b  9  3b  b 2

 End
Of
Presentation
5.4 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
Multiplication
Multiplying Two Polynomials
Examples:

 x  5 x  10  x 2
 10 x  5 x  50 

x 2  15 x  50

 4 x  5 3x  4  12x 2
 16 x  15 x  20 

12x 2  x  20
5.4 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
Multiplication
Multiplying Two Polynomials
Examples:

 x  3  2 x 2
 5x  4 
2x 5x 4x 6x 15x 12 
3 2 2

2x 3  x 2 11x 12
5.4 – Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
Multiplication
Multiplying Two Polynomials
Examples:

 x  3 y  2
2


 x  3 y  2  x  3 y  2 
x 3xy 2x 3xy 9 y 6 y 2x 6 y 4 
2 2

x 2 6xy 4x 9 y 2 12 y 4