Topic 1:

Fundamentals of OP-AMPS

Last Updated: November 8,2008 1

 Definition
An operational amplifier ( op-amp ) is a DC-
coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with
differential inputs and, usually, a single output.

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What’s inside an Op-
amp?

Vo

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 Op-amp IC
Pin Configuration

358 741

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 Theory of Operation

A differential amplifier is a type of electronic amplifier that

multiplies the difference between two inputs by some constant
factor.

This constant factor is called the differential gain.

A differential amplifier is the input stage of operational amplifiers

, or op-amps, and emitter coupled logic gates.

Given two inputs and a differential amplifier will give an output

Vout.

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 Characteristic of Ideal Op-amp

Input 1. Infinite input impedance

Characteristi 2. Zero input offset voltage
c
Output 1. Zero output impedance
Characteristi 2. Infinite slew rate
c
Device 1. Infinite open-loop gain
Characteristi 2. Infinite bandwidth
c 3. zero noise
Last Updated: November 8,2008
 Important Definitions
Input Parameters:

Input Impedance (Zi)

The resistance 'looking-in' at either input with the remaining input grounded.

Input Bias Current (Ib)

Since real op-amps do not have infinite input impedance, an input bias current exists.

Input bias current is the average of the currents flowing into both inputs.
Ideally, the two input bias currents are equal.

Input Offset Current (Ios)

This is the difference of the two input bias currents when the output voltage is zero.

Input Offset Voltage (Vio)

This is the voltage that must be applied to one of the input pins to give a zero output
voltage. Remember, for an ideal op-amp, output offset voltage is zero!
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 Important Definitions
Output Parameters:

Output Resistance (Zoi)

The resistance seen 'looking into' the op-amp's output.
Slew Rate (SR)
The time rate of change of the output voltage.

Device Parameters:
Open-Loop Voltage Gain (Aol)
The output to input voltage ratio of the op-amp without external feedback.

Gain Bandwidth Product (GBP)

The Gain response of the op-amp on the input
signal frequency.

Output Noise
This is the output signal generated by the device on
the
output. Last Updated: November 8,2008 8
 Op-Amps as
Comparators
Comparator is a circuit configuration that compares
the inputs to determine the output.

Rule: If the V+ is higher than the V-, the output is positive.

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 Op-Amps as
Comparators
+Vdc = 12V
- Vdc = -12V
+Vdc

IC1

Oscilloscope
or VOM
V1

V2

Observe Vo as V1 and V2 is changed:

-Vdc
1. V1 > V2 , Vo = ?
2. V1 < V2 , Vo = ?

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 Op-Amps as
Comparators
+Vdc = 12V
- Vdc = -12V
V2 = Adjustable DC Source
+Vdc

IC1

Oscilloscope
or VOM
V1

V2

1. Connect as shown;
-Vdc
2. Observe Vo as V2 is changed;
V1 = Triangle Generator 3. Interchange input of V+ and V-;
(10kHz, 10Vp-p)
4. Observe Vo as V2 is changed.
5. Draw Conclusion from the experiment.
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 Op-Amps as
Comparators
+Vdc = 12V
- Vdc = -12V
V2 = Sine Wave Generator
(1kHz, 5Vp-p)
+Vdc

IC1

1K Oscilloscope
R1 or VOM
56uF
V1 C1
V2
1. Connect as shown;
2. Compare Vo and V2;
3. Observe Vo as V2 is changed;
-Vdc 4. Interchange input of V+ and V-;
V1 = Triangle Generator
(10kHz, 10Vp-p) 5. Compare Vo and V2;
6. Observe Vo as V2 is changed.
7. Draw Conclusion from the experiment.

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 END

Last Updated: November 8,2008 13