Metal Working: Deformation

Process
Deformation Process
Effect of Temperature
Deformation rate
Introduction
• All metals are made after processing of minerals. They have to gone through casting process
• Casting reduces there ductility and strength
• To increase there strength they have to deform
• Deformation gives benefits to the metals
• Plastic deformation is done by application of force. Process is grouped according to the way
force is applied
• Direct compression
• Indirect compression
• Tension
• Bending
• shearing
Why plastic deformation
• Cast structure is dendritic with some inter dendritic precipitates. Which
reduces both strength and ductility of metals.
• To reduce the problem. Metals are deformed plastically at high
temperature. Which will not only homogenize the structure but also
recrystallize some grain.
• Plastic deformation is also done to give useful shape to metals
• In all deformation stresses generated in the material. For plastic
deformation we have to apply stresses above yield strength of materials.
• So plastic deformation will easy if yield strength is low and ductility will
more
Effect of Temperature
• When temperature will be more: yield strength decrease and less
strain hardening can be done.
• When we deform at low temperature with slow strain rate grain gets
elongated (cold working)
• When we deform metals at high temperature grain will remain same
equiaxed (Hot Working)
Flow stresses
• As per the material properties concerned. Plastic deformation is
associated with flow stresses.
• Stress at which metal deform easily
Recrystallization temperature
• When a metal/alloy worked over a critical temperature old/ deformed
grain replaced by new strain free grains. Process is Known as the
recrystallization
• Temperature at which recrystallization is completed in one hour is
known as recrystallization temperature.
• It is function of strain, strain rate, metal and alloy
• In general it is 0.5 Tm (absolute melting temperature)
• Working above recrystallization temperature is called as hot working
and blow it is called as cold working.
Cold working
Effect of Cold Working
• Change in grain size and shape
• Development of texture
• Increase in dislocation density
• Loss of ductility
• Increase in strength
• Increase in residual stress or stored energy
• Crystal structure remains unchanged
• Lesser corrosion resistance
•
Effect of Hot Working
• Change in shape, size of product but morphological changes will be
less
• Absence of texture (isotropic)
• Small change in dislocation density
• No loss of ductility/ improves ductility of cast structure
• No significance increase in strength
• Small residual stresses
• Crystal structure remains same