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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Everything should be made as simple
Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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TERMINOLOGY OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS
There are many additional ways to classify mathematical
models besides those used in Chapter 2. For our
purposes it is most satisfactory to first consider grouping
the models into opposite pairs:
Chapter 2
11
Common Sense in Modeling
What simplifications can be made?
How are they justified?
Types of Simplifications
Chapter 2
(1)Omitting Interactions
(2)Aggregating Variables
(3)Eliminating Variables
(4)Replace Random Variables with Expected Values
(5)Reduce Detail of Mathematical Description
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Precautions in Model Building
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(4) Models used for one purpose used improperly for
another purpose
Example: Invalidity of kinetic models
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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2. Empirical Models
y a0 a1 x1 a2 x2 ...
y a0 a11 x12 a12 x1 x2 a21 x2 x1 a22 x22
1
G s
a0 a1s a2 s 2
Chapter 2
Re a(Pr)b ( Sc)c
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Chapter 2
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Semi-empirical Model Fitting
Heat exchanger data, p. 54
1 1 1 1
= + + (a)
u hs ht hf
Chapter 2
hsf k t w t 0.8
U=
k t w t 0.8 +hsf 26
Quadratic Curve Fitting
y = β1 + β2 x + β3 x 2 (x1=1, x 2 = x1 x 3 = x 2 )
Least squares analysis leads to 3 linear equations
in 3 unknowns (n data points)
n xi x i2
T
x x xi x i2 x i3
Chapter 2
x i2 x i3 x i 4
yi
T
x y= x i y i
x 2y
i i
What about
y β1e x β 2 e x ?
y β1 β 2 sin x ?
28
Factorial Design and Least Squares Fitting
3 variables: x 2, x 3, x 4 (x1 = 1)
t 220 o
x2 = ( C)
20
p-3
x3 = (atm)
Chapter 2
2
m-200
x4 = (kg/h)
50
for data matrix on p. 65 (see Fig. E2.6)
11 0 0 0
0 diagonal!
8 0 0
x x
T
easy to invert,
0 0 8 0
well-conditioned
0 0 0 8