Ocean Information Services

An story of Space Technology reaching a Common Man &

The Ocean Disasters

M. Nagaraja Kumar
Scientist & In-Charge, Marine Fishery Advisory Services (MFAS)
INCOIS, Hyderabad
Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)

AP HRDI Training programme to CRDA

Bapatla, June 8, 2016
ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF MINISTRY OF EARTH SCIENCES

Ministry of Earth Scie nce s

Earth Commission

Earth System Science O rganisation

National Centre Centre for Indian Institute of Centre for

India
National for Medium Marine Living Tropical Climate
Meteorology Meteorology Research
Centre for Range Weather Resources and
Department
Seismology Forecast Ecology
National Centre for
Antarctic and Ocean Advanced
Research Training in
Earth
System
Science
National Institute of and
Integrated O cean Technology Climate
Coastal and
Marine Area
Management Indian N ational
Ce ntre for Oce an
Inform ation
Se rvice s

SECRETARY, MoES IS THE CHAIRMAN, EARTH COMMISSION & CHAIRMAN, ESO

The Mission of INCOIS
To provide the Ocean Information and Advisory
Services to Society, Industry, Government
Agencies and Scientific Community through
Sustained Ocean Observations and Constant
improvements through Systematic and Focussed
Research.
 Ocean Observation Information &
Advisory Services
Potential Fishing Zone Advisory Services
Ocean State Forecast Services  Fishing Community
Contribution to Weather/Monsoon/Climate Forecast
Early Warning for Tsunami and Storm Surges
Information Bank & Web-based Services
Coastal Geospatial Applications  Coastal States
Value-added Services

National
NationalInfrastructure
InfrastructureNetwork
Network  IMD, Navy, NHO,
Data  Coast Guards
DataAssimilation
Assimilationand
andOcean
OceanModeling
Modeling

Satellite National Oceanographic

Oceanography Data Centre
 Ports and Harbours
Remote Sensing Satellites In-situ Observations  Off-shore and Shipping
 Oceansat-1 • Argo Profiling Floats
Ocean Colour Monitor • Data Buoys
 Oceansat-2 • Current Meter Arrays
Ocean Colour Monitor,  Research Institutions
Scatterometer • XBTs, Tide gauges
 Foreign Satellites • Sea Truth  Academia
 Ocean Data Services

~ 15 TB /
Year
Argo Floats

Moored Buoys

Drifting Buoys NOAA

Bathymetry
XBT MODIS Tera/Aqua
/Topography
Current Meter Arrays OCEANSAT-2

Wave Rider Buoys OCEANSAT-1 (OCM) Topographic Maps

Nellore-Machipatnam
AWS OSF 1:25,000 Scale
TRMM
BPR SODA CRZ Maps
Land
Land Use
Use (1:25,000),
(1:25,000),
Quikscat Aqua Culture and
Tide Gauges JEDAC Wet lands (1:50,000)
SeaWifs
Coastal Radars NCEP CRZ Land Use Maps
Gujarat Coast
Seismic Network Altimeter (1:25,000 Scale)
CMAP

Real-time CDs Web Hard Copy

Computational Infrastructure
Marine Fishery-The Challenges
Depth range (m)
0-50 50-200 200-500 Oceanic Total
Demersal 1.28 0.625 0.028 0.248 1 933
Neretic pelagic 1.00 0.742 - - 1 742
Oceanic pelagic - - - - 0.248
Total 2.28 1 367 0.028 0.246 3 921
(58%) (35%) (0.7%) (6.3%) -
Level of exploitation 2.08 0.63 Negligible Negligible 2.71
Available for exploitation 0.2 0.737 0.028 0.246 1 211
MSY & level of Exploitation in Indian EEZ
MSY & level of Exploitation in Indian EEZ
 Gap between Production and MSY
 Satellite-based short-term fishery forecasts
have the capability to bridge this gap as well as
improve the economics of fishing operations
Challenges in Fishing
 Locating and catching fish, as stocks dwindle and
move further offshore
 Increase in searching time for shoals, fuel cost and
human effort in fishing operations
 Increase of atmospheric Carbon Dioxide by burning
of fossil fuels
 A reliable and timely forecast on the potential zones
of fish aggregation, helps reduce time and effort
spent in searching fishing grounds
 Fish Finding - The Heritage
Fishing communities have developed over generations, a mental model for making their conclusions
Fishing communities have developed over generations, a mental model for making their conclusions

Bird Congregation

Colour
Fish
Bubbles breaking on Surface Availability
Type
Muddy and oily water and calm Sea Quantity

Reflection in the Night

Kaladu (a kind of smell)

 Remote Sensing for Fisheries

Niche for Fish

Temperature Light

Salinity Chlorophyll

Dissolved Feeding Nutrients

Oxygen Breeding

Surface Currents Wind

 Remote Sensing for Fisheries
 Fish schools cannot be seen directly from satellite
altitudes; Indirect methods are used.
 Fish have certain physiological, metabolic and
respiratory requirements which govern their
continued presence in certain areas or habitats for
survival
 It is well known that the Fishes are known to react
to changes in the surrounding environment and
migrate to areas where favorable conditions in
terms of seawater temperature, salinity, dissolved
oxygen levels, etc., exist.
 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) - indicative of the
physical environment, and Chlorophyll a - indicator
of food availability are easily monitored through
Satellites
 Food Chain

Primary producers Phytoplankton

Primary consumers

Secondary consumers

Higher trophic level

e.g. Fishes

Phytoplankton is an index of Primary productivity

 Sputnik First Satellite

1957
Landsat
First Remote

1972
Sensing Satellite

Availability
NOAA Series

1975
of SST Data

Sea Sat First Ocean Satellite

1978
NIMBUS-7 (CZCS)
First Ocean Colour

1978
Satellite

Experiments for SST

1983
-based Forecast
Precise Location
GPS Satellites
in Sea
First Indian Ocean
IRS-P3 Colour Satellite

1996
(experimental)

Sea Star (SeaWiFS)

First Ocean Satellite

1997
(Operational)
First Indian Ocean
OCEANSAT 1 Satellite ( Ocean
1999
Satellite Technologies since 1957

colour)
MODIS Aqua Ocean Colour
2002

Oceansat - 2 Ocean Satellite

NPP-VIIRS Ocean Colour

SARAL/AltiKa SSH
2009 2011 2013
 Remote Sensing for Fisheries
Remote Sensing OCM NOAA AVHRR

Influencing Ocean Color SST

Parameters

Upwelling Boundary

Phytoplankton Nutrients

Food Fish Aggregation PFZ

PFZ Mission
To make the Potential Fishing Zone
R&D Efforts, Modelling,
advisories as part of the value chain of
Technology Development
fishing community
Except During
Marine Fishing
Ban Period

Dissemination
Operational Multi lingual Delivery (Map, Text) Fishing
Fax, Phone, News Paper,
Generation
(SST, Chlorophyll, Wind)
Internet, e-mail, SMS, Mobile Apps
Electronic Display Boards,
Vessels
Daily Radio and TV Broadcast
Information Kiosks (VKC, VRC)

Validation
Feedback
Partners: SAC, NRSC, FSI, Central Fishery Research
User Awareness
Institutions, Academia, State Fishery Departments, Fishermen
Associations, etc
 Technologies Adopted
 Remote Sensing
 Real time acquisition of SST and Chlorophyll
parameters through satellites
 Image Processing
 Processing and manipulation of acquired satellite
images in near-real time
 Geographic Information System (GIS) and GPS
 Generation of digital databases, preparation of
maps, location, etc.
 Information and Communication Technology
 Dissemination of the information with the state-
of-the art technologies available
 Satellite Data Reception
Ground Station Coverage

L/X Band Ground Station for NOAA, Oceansat-2 Ground Station

METOP, Terra and Aqua Satellites

10° Elev
5° Elev

 Remote Sensing Data

Oceansat-2 Data Reception  Oceansat-2, NOAA-17, 18 & 19, METOP, Terra and
and Processing Systems Aqua (MODIS)
 In-situ Data (from DCS onboard NOAA 15,
17,18,19 and METOP1&2)
 Argo Floats, Drifting Buoys in the Indian Ocean
AVHRR & MODIS Data products are published on INCOIS Web-site
with in 5 to 45 minutes after each pass
 Satellite Data Processing
Automatic Data Processing Systems
for retrieval of parameters QTCC
 Sea Surface Temperature
 Chlorophyll
 Water Clarity (Kd 490)
 Total Suspended Sediments Standard

Spatial Resolution: At its full

resolution and binned products
(both spatially and temporally) Value
Added

SeaDAS
Weekly
Monthly

ftp subscription Rolled

bash & IDL

scripts on Anomaly
Ubuntu platform
 SST and Chlorophyll Images
• Image Processing techniques for
• Geometric correction
• Filtering
• Geo-coding

Chlorophyll Sea Surface Temperature Water Clarity (Kd-490)

 Potential Fishing Zones – The Keys

Integrated
IntegratedPFZ
PFZ(SST
(SST++Chlorophyll)
Chlorophyll)
Eddies, Rings, Meanders
Methodology
Methodologydeveloped
developedby
by SAC/ISRO
SAC/ISRO
Tongue/Mushroom features
Upwelling ,Thermal Fronts
Daily
Dailyoperational
operationalforecasts
forecastsfrom
fromINCOIS
INCOIS
using
usingreal-time
real-timesatellite
satellitedata
data
(non-monsoon,
(non-monsoon,non-ban
non-banseason)
season)
 GIS Models
AFD Model
CHL SST

GHRSST
Final Fronts

•Using Cayula-Cornillo Single Image Edge Detection Alogorithm

•Length of the Fronts limits to 20-200km
•Text extraction with Near Point Analysis in Arc GIS
PFZ Advisories

Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) Advisory Maps with

information on
Potential Fishing Zones
Bathymetry
Indian Coastline
Restricted Zones for Fishing
Multilingual Advisories
to 587 fish landing
Surface Currents centres on Daily basis
Indian EEZ except during Marine
Coastal Districts fishing ban & high wave
Major Fishing Villages
Alerts
Evolution of Techniques in PFZ Generation
Daily PFZ Advisories including Saturdays, Sundays and
Public Holidays (Excluding ban period)
Incorporation of Surface Currents Data in PFZ
Maps; Automation of PFZ Advisories Generation
New Smart Maps with increased coverage of
Fish Landing Centers (267 o 587)
Enhanced frequency of PFZ Advisories Usage of Multi-
(Except ban period and Sundays) satellite Data &
61% as compared to 2011-12 GHRSST
SAC transferred the know-how of Generation of advisories based
the wind-based feature shifting on SST, colour and wind

Generation of PFZ Advisories using Digital,

Image Processing Techniques & GIS
Creation of Digital Database for Coastline,
Bathymetry, Landing Centres, Light Houses
Forecast based on SST and Ocean Colour
Technology transfer by SAC on integration of Ocean Colour with
SST
Setting up of INCOIS and PFZ Advisories from INCOIS based on SST

Traditional Analog Techniques (Use of Films, Optically Zoom Transferoscopes,

Overlying on Hard copies of Base Maps) and Forecast based on SST only

1989 1999 2001 2002 2003 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014
 Species specific advisories for Tuna

Tuna Fishery Advisory Maps with information on  Fish Tagging Experiments

Tuna Fishing Surface Bathymetry  Use of Pop-up Satellite
Zones Currents Archival Tags – first of
Indian EEZ Indian Coastal Districts its kind in India for Fish
Coastline
 Tagged 42 Yellowfin
Restricted Zones Major Fishing SSHa & Tunas in Indian Seas
for Fishing Villages Maximum Fishing
Species specific advisories for Tuna
Oxycline
Output
Addl. Parameter in Tuna
Advisories

Oxycline
Model

Oxycline Depth = (2.06 ) × (SSHa) +

(95.88 ) for Arabian Sea

Oxycline Depth = (1.68 ) × (SSHa) +

(74.0) for Bay Of Bengal

Ref: Can Oxycline depth be estimated using sea level anomaly (SLA)
in the northern Indian Ocean?,Satya Prakash et.al, Remote Sensing
Letters,2013 Vol 4,No.11, 1097-1106
Satellite Telemetry Studies on Tuna
SATTU
NA
(Satellite
Telemetry
of Tuna
in Indian
Ocean)
Timely

REACHING THE USERS

 Dissemination Mechanisms
Telephone /
Fax SMS
Partners / Service Providers:
M S Swaminathan Research
Foundation (MSSRF), Reliance
Web and Email Voice Call Foundation, TCS, Handygo, IKSL,
RegPoint, Community Radios, AIR,
FM Radios.
EDB Fishermen
Community

Helpline

 Real time access to information

 Advantages:
– Save lives by providing timely weather to
FFMA survive danger and high seas
mKRISHI IVRS – Minimize risks by providing disaster alerts
in advance for high waves and tsunami
– Enhance livelihoods by providing real time
Use of ICT Technologies to data on fish colony, species specific
forecast with GPS coordinates
reach all the users – Indicate to them when they are nearing or
crossing International Waters
 Dissemination - FFMA
BRINGING HELPFUL
INFORMATION TO RURAL
Implemented by M S Swaminathan Research Foundation
(MSSRF), Supported by Qualcomm & INCOIS. INCOIS

FISHERMEN
also involved as the Primary Content Partner

Operational in Tamil, Telugu

& Malayalam. In the
Source: Working Paper No.246 - Socio-Economic Impact of development stage to launch
Mobile Phones on Indian Agriculture, Feb 2010, Indian at PAN India Level
Council for Research on International Economic Relations
Dissemination – Help Line
Phone in Program
Generic Fisheries related
(Once in every month)
Queries
INCOIS Services Expert
Queries from Consortium
Tsunami Early warning
Fisher folks Potential Fishing Zone CAS
Ocean State Forecast
CMFRI

INCOIS Anna University

Fisheries Dep.
Centralized Help Line
Individual experts
(24x7)
Academic
Institutions

Tablet computing
Analysis PFZ – GIS
Ocean State Forecast models INCOIS-MSSRF
Early Warning Knowledge Management
System

Andhra Pradesh – 7569059856, 75690

Tamil Nadu – 9282442311, 9282442312
 Dissemination - mKRISHI

Increase in Self-esteem,
1. It’s an android Mobile app in local Safety (two major
incidents highlighted)
languages developed in collaboration
with CMFRI Mumbai and INCOIS Reduction in
Social
Social Diesel, Carbon
Hyderabad. Credit
2. Currently the services are available Economic
Economic
for Maharashtra (Marathi) and
Odisha (Oriya). Upto 50% Cost
3. Services available are: Potential saving (diesel, Research
labor), Subsidy Research
Fishing Zone (PFZ) Map and tabular
data; Wind Speed and Direction Feedback based model
innovation
Maps; Wave Heights; Weather
Forecast; News Ticker • World bank found it effective & looking at scaling up.
 Dissemination – Mobile App
Incois In-house Android App

Registration

Welcome Screen
Download Map

•Shortly available Google Play Store Text

•II phase all Indian coastal languages in single android

 Dissemination – Mobile App

C-Dac with help of INCOIS developed an android based PFZ

app in all 10 coastal languages (Gujarati, Marati, Kannada,
Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Oriya, English, Bangla & Hindi
Dissemination – Multilingual
SMS
 Initiated Coastal Languages
from Mar 2015 in all
 Total 6033 SMS delivered to
141 users for 36 Landing
centres.
 GUJ(03), MAH(09),
KAR(05),KER(23), TN(22),
AP(52),ODS(11), WB(16)
Dissemination – Electronic Display Boards
VSAT aided Emergency Communication
System (VECS) for Islands
Established at 07 locations in Andaman &
Nicobar Islands
1.State Control Room, Directorate of Disaster
Management, Port Blair
2.EOC South Andaman, DC Office, Port Blair
3.EOC Mayabunder
4.EOC Little Andaman, Hutbay
5.EOC Car Nicobar
6.EOC Kamorta
7.EOC Campbell Bay
 Dissemination – Ocean Portal

Single Window Solution

for
Ocean Information and
Advisory Services with Web
GIS facilities
 User Statistics

MoA has provided the fishermen’s demographic database. We

will be sending the Multi-lingual SMS to about 1 lakh
fishermen from the dataabase.
 Dissemination Plans (Near Future).....
 Develop a Centralized Integrated Dissemination
System at INCOIS with
 Multi Lingual SMS
 Voice Call / Audio Advisory
 Mobile Apps (User / Admin modules)
 Social Media
 Email
 GTS
 Fax
 Digital Display Boards with Satellite Connectivity and
Solar Panels (at 100 locations + 100 existing)
 Radio / Television broadcast units, Access to Various
Stakeholders (NGOs,
 IVRS, State Fishery
 Cloud Channels Departments, Disaster
 Etc. Management
Authorities, etc.
Independent Market Studies on

ECONOMIC &
ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS
Quantitative results of validations
Details PFZ Non PFZ
Name of the Boat HCV JANV
JANV Type of Boat Purse-Seine Purse-Seine

Duration of Total Trip 12 Hrs 30 Min 24 Hrs

HCV Number of fishing hours 01 1.5

Number of Hauls 01 01
Number of Fishermen 28 23
Engaged
Total Catch (Kgs) 3500 2000
Major Species Caught Indian Mackerel Horse Mackerel
Approximate cost of total 1,75,000 1,20,000
catch (Rs) (@ 50 Rs /Kg) (@ 60 Rs /Kg)
Area: Karnataka & Goa Sector Total Expenditure in 51,340 49,980
PFZ Forecast based on SST & CHL Fishing Operation (Rs) (Fuel: 11,340) (Fuel: 18,480)
Issued: Nov 12, 2010 (Wage: 25,000) (Wage: 19,500)
Valid up to: Nov 15, 2010 (Other : 15,000) (Other : 12,000)

 Success Rate: ~ 80%

Net Profit: 03 – 04 times Net Profit 1,23,660 70,020
 Less Searching Time: 30 to 70%

Details of Simultaneous Fishing Operation by

Two Vessels (PFZ & Non PFZ) on November 13, 2010
Impact Assessment and Economic Benefits
 Identifications of PFZs as well as Ocean State forecast by INCOIS are found to be
both timely, accurate and of significant value to the fishing community.
 Total Annual net economic benefit due to PFZ: Rs. 34,000 to Rs. 50,000 Crore
 The economic benefits resulting from identification of PFZs to estimate the GDP
 Only mechanized crafts adopt PFZ: Can go upto from 0.81 % to 1.47 to 1.65
% of national GDP
 Both mechanized and motorized crafts adopt PFZ: Can go upto 1.58 to 2 % of
national GDP
 All mechanized crafts, motorised crafts and traditional crafts adopt PFZ:
Around 2.04 % of National GDP
 Catalytic roles by MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), Village
Resource Centres (VRC) and Village Knowledge Centre (VKC) in raising
awareness and facilitating the knowledge transfer
 The Key take-aways from the proactive role of INCOIS with the catalytic role of
the partnering agency MSSRF could be major milestones in the road map for the
progress

Executive Summary of a National survey by National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER)
 Impact Assessment and Economic Benefits
The additional profit in the hands of
fishers due to PFZ operations would be
around Rs 3,000 crore annuity with
the mere gross investment of Rs.32
crore (Arrived at as the future value of
past investments at 12% social
discount rate)

Reaching the entire fishermen

community of India may improve the
real growth rate of gross value added
in marine fisheries GDP from present
3.9% to 7.8 % per annum
Executive Summary of a Cost Benefit ratio estimations by
National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER)
Environmental Benefits of PFZ
 Identification of PFZ results in saving diesel consumption since fishers
now zero in on a particular area. The savings in diesel consumption result
in a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.
 Market Study by National Council for Applied Economic Research:
The environmental effect of savings in diesel consumption computed as
carbon credit would work out to an annuity of Rs 36,200 crore or a
present value of around Rs.2.84 trillion over the 25-year useful life,
which is quite significant
 Case study by NAIP of Indian Council of Agricultural Research
(ICAR)
 A fishing village of 32 fishing boats in Raigad Dt., Maharashtra could save 70,000
litres of diesel in a month as the PFZ advisories helped them in avoiding the
unwanted search for fish shoals
 This saving of diesel amounts cutting down of 150000 kg of CO2 (@ 2.7 kg/l).
FISHERMEN’S FEEDBACK
 Fishermen’s Feedback
Feedback to MSSRF

Fish-1
SST

Fish-2
 Fishermen’s Feedback
Fishermen who use Tuna PFZ
advisories found it very useful
with rewarding catch.

While their positive feedback

validates advisory usefulness, it
also provides proxy to our
observations (as in SATTUNA)
Feedback to MSSRF

w.r.t. SSH and SST

SST

Date of PFZ advisory: 20th Jan

Fishing Date: 20th Jan
Boat owner: Sivasankaran,
Samathanpettai fishing village, TN
Fishing boat: Gill Netter
Catch: 3t Yellowfin and Bluefin
Tuna
Sea Surface Height Location: 11 45' 20'' N,  81 57' 21''
E
Income: Rs. 2, 85,000/-
 Fishermen’s Voice
 We are extremely dependent on PFZ for our livelihood
- Milind Sakhakar, Fishermen, Maharashtra
 The information passed by INCOIS was very accurate and useful
- Lishil, Fishermen, Kerala
 Motivated to buy and use gillnets to make use of the PFZ advisory to its
full potential
- Krishna Mallikarjuna, Fishermen, Kakinada
 Fishing in PFZ is more economical; the number of days we spend in the
sea has come down considerably and there is reduction in the diesel
expenses too
- D. Tata Rao, Fishermen, SuryaraoPeta, E.G. Dist. AP.
 MSSRF-INCOIS Fisheries Helpline Service is a great boon to us
- Rajkumar, Nagoor Pattinacherry, Nagapattinam
 I am able to educate my sons it is mainly because of fishing through
gillnetting in PFZ
- Edukondalu, fishermen, Gilakaladindi, Andhra Pradesh

The PFZ information has given a new lease of life to the fishermen community -
MS Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF), Chennai
Workshops / Awareness Campaigns
In addition to small to medium level
awareness campaigns, INCOIS has been
conducting
1.National Level User Interaction Workshop
Annually
2.Technological Trainings to other
Countries: Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius,
Sultanate of Oman. Further Requests from
IOR-ARC Countries

INCOIS First User Interaction Workshop 2010 at INCOIS on User Interaction in Danavaipet, E G Dist, Andhra
February 04, 2011 Pradesh
OCEAN DISASTER’S AND SAFETY
•Global Forecast
•Regional – 7 Regions
Ocean State Forecast –
•Coastal – 9 Coastal states of India
•Island – A&N and Lakshadweep For Safety of Fishermen
•Location specific -100 locations
•Tidal forecast system for 178
locations
•Real time validation System
•Forecast dissemination in local
languages
•High resolution for West Coast of
India

• High Wave/swell/bulletins
• Joint INCOIS – IMD Bulletins
• Bulletins on Ocean State
Forecast along Standard
shipping routes
• Storm surge bulletins

• Forecast along ship-track

• Wind power potential
• OSF for Maldives through RIMES
• Navy specific forecast products
• OSF Web Map Services
• Sea State Forecast for ports and
Harbours
• Online Oil spill advisories (OOSA)
• Search and Rescue Aid Tool
(SARAT)
HIGH WAVE ALERTS
 Indian Tsunami Early Warning System
Risk Assessment Detection, Warning, Dissemination Awareness, Response

COMMS Tests
Tsunami Drills
Trainings
Publicity Material

Bathymetry
VSAT
TSUNAMI
Historic EQ DB Seismic Network
WARNINGS!!!

INSAT Capacity Building

Tsunami Modelling

DSS
Paleo tsunami studies BPR Network SOP
GPRS ICT Infra.
Topography
R&D
Paleo-tsunami
Modelling
GNSS Data Use
INMARSAT

Tsunami Travel Times

Participating Institutions
Tide gauge Network Costal Vulnerability Participating Institutions
IMD, NIOT, ICMAM, SOI,
IMD, NIOT, ICMAM, SOI,
NRSC, INCOIS , MHA, NDMA,
Observation Networks Communications Warning Centre NRSC, INCOIS , MHA, NDMA,
Coastal States, Academia
 Operational Storm Surge Warning

Input
Dissemination
Bathymetry/ Modeling
topography

ADCIRC Tide alone WEB

(Spin-up with Tide alone solution
simulation at HPC)
Unstructured Spin-up for 2 months. 320 η u v
processors are using.
mesh E-Mail

Bulletin
ADCIRC + SWAN generation
Atmospheric forcing (Tide + Surge + Wave ) η u v SMS

Output
Inundation
H2010 WRF extent
FAX
Requires track Requires
& intensity or initial
info from IMD conditions
from
NCMRWF

Forcing to the model

 Potential Tsunamigenic Zones
Tsunamis are primarily caused due to
large undersea Earthquakes.

Makran Subduction For a tsunami to hit Indian coast, it is

Zone necessary that a tsunamigenic
earthquake occurs and its
magnitude should be larger than M
7. Possible locations of such events
are enclosed in ellipse

Car Nicobar
Earthquakes with Slow Rupture
Makran (M8.5) (M7.9),
Dec. 31, 1881 Velocities are most efficient
Nov. 27, 1945
Tsunami Generators
Sumatra (M9.3)
Dec. 26, 2004

Andaman- 75% of earthquake energy is released

Sumatra (M8.5) Sumatra in the circum-Pacific belt – 900
Apr. 11, 2012 Subduction Zone Tsunamis in 20th Century

20% in the Alpine-Himalayan belt – 6

Sumatra (M8.2)
Tsunamis in 20th Century
Apr. 11, 2012

Historical Tsunami in India

Bengkulu (M8.4) 12 Apr, 1762 (BoB EQ) – 1.8 M
Sep 12, 2007 31 Dec, 1881 (Car Nicobar EQ)
27 Aug, 1883 (Krakatoa) – 2 M
> M7 26 Jun, 1941 (Andaman EQ)
Java (M7.8)
July 17, 2006
27 Nov, 1945 (Makran EQ) – 12 M
26 Dec, 2004 (Sumatra EQ)

Landslides, Volcanoes & Meteor

Impacts can also generate Tsunamis
Tsunami Warning Centre

24 x 7 operations

Heterogeneous Real-Time Data from a variety of Sensors

Data Acquisition, Display, Processing, Archival
Numerical Modeling and Decision Support
Generation of Advisories and Dissemination
Mission Critical - Infrastructure to be highly available
Real-time Seismic Monitoring
• Pre 2004: Very few real-time seismometers and there was no
real-time earthquake monitoring in the Indian Ocean
• INCOIS-IMD established Real-Time Seismic Network of 17
stations
• Established real-time connectivity to seismic stations operated
by Individual PIs and brought them under Indian Seismic &
GNSS Network
• Receives data from ~350 international stations
2014 • Shares data from 3 Indian stations
• Currently, ITEWC is capable of estimating earthquake
parameters in near real-time (< 10 minutes after the event)
Real-time Sea Level Monitoring
 Tide-Gauge Network
• Pre 2004: No real-time tide-gauges in India, SOI operated offline tide
gauges
• INCOIS established real-time network of 31 tide-gauge stations
• Receives data from 300 international real-time tide-gauge stations
• Shares data from 8 stations
 Tsunami Buoy Network
• Pre 2004: No tsunami buoys
• INCOIS-NIOT established real-time network of 7 Tsunami Buoys
• Receives data from ~ 50 international real-time tsunami buoys
• Shares data from 7 stations
 Tsunami Modelling for Operations
Tsunami Watch Information
With Qualitative Evaluation
• Initially, ITEWC provided advisories with qualitative evaluation message based on
magnitude. Several global centres follow the same method even today.
Later, Open Ocean Propagation Database was created with
• Model Domain with 3.2 million grids covering entire Indian Ocean
• Scenarios covering both Makran and Sunda Tsunamigenic Zones
• ~1400 unit sources each of 100 X 50 km area representing rupture caused by EQ
of M 7.5 with slip as 1m
• Depending on EQ’s location and magnitude basic unit source open ocean
propagation scenarios are either scaled up or down
• Expected Wave Arrival & Amplitude forecasts at 1800 Costal Forecast Points
(CFPs) in the Indian Ocean Coast
• CFPs are then rendered to create threat profile for Coastal Forecast Zones (CFZs)
• Global domain & subduction zones being modelled

Model Output Parameters

 T1 (Time of arrival of the minimum detectable positive amplitude
wave)
 T2 (Time of first exceedance of the Threat Threshold)
 T3 (Time of arrival of max_beach)
EQ location map Threat Map
 T4 (Time when the last exceedance of the Threat Threshold is
forecast)
• max_beach (Maximum Positive wave amplitude at the shore
line)
• max_deep (Maximum positive wave amplitude in deep water in
each coastal zone)
Travel time map Directivity Map
• Depth (Depth of the water where the max_deep occurs)
 Tsunami Coastal Inundation Modelling
 Inundation modelling by
ICMAM for 4 historical & 2
worst-case scenarios
 1:25000 scale maps using
Cartosat (completed for
West Bengal, Orissa,
Andhra Pradesh,
Tamilnadu, Kerala,
Karnataka, Goa,
Maharashtra, Gujarat)
 1:5000 scale maps using
• ALTM data acquired by NRSC for the coasts ALTM (Completed for few
Paradeep- Kochi with spatial resolution of 1-5
m and vertical accuracy 15-35 cm areas in TN)
• Carto-DTM generated by NRSC for the Indian
Mainland with spatial resolution of 10 m.
• RTK-GPS was data collected in some areas
 3D GIS Mapping from
using GPS Cuddalore to Nagapattinam
• Bathymetry data from NHO and other Survey
for some areas
Service Definition and SOP
• The ITEWC services for an event commence whenever an
earthquake is recorded with M ≥ 6.5 within the Indian
Ocean and M ≥ 8.0 outside of the Indian Ocean
• Uniquely designed SOP for generation of timely and
accurate tsunami bulletins to handle both near-source and
far-source coastal regions
• Based on proximity of a coastal zone to the tsunamigenic
earthquake source regions and Expected Wave Heights
from Models
• 4 Threat Levels corresponding to different public
responses and mapped to NDMA guidelines
 Product Formats & Dissemination
 Notification Messages are issued in text format
 Bulletins are generated in both text and HTML formats on the websites
 Graphics are generated in jpg or png format on the websites
 Spatial data is also available in dbf format on the websites
Tsunami Bulletins on web (www.incois.gov.in)
Tsunami Bulletins on web
 Validation of Storm Surge - Hudhud

Real time storm surge forecasting for ‘Hudhud’ by INCOIS

Finite element mesh of Chennai region

Hydrodynamic model ADCIRC makes use of finite element

unstructured mesh. Tide can be predicted at any location
along the coast.

Accuracy of the model is corroborated by years of successful

tidal prediction well documented in the literature, making
the ADCIRC model a logical component of any tidal
Validation of ADCIRC predicted water level at Chennai
prediction system
Visualization and Analysis System for 2D and 3D Geospatial data
(3DVAS)
Generation of 3D GIS Maps Risk analysis and advisory

Base Maps, Hazard Maps,

vulnerability maps, database of
tsunami and storm surge inundation
modeling results, event data, etc.

Ground Survey: GCP,

Leveling, Field Photos,
Socio-economic census, etc

Vulnerability maps integrated with 3D GIS database will aid in making effective disaster management plans
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND
ATTENTION