Single-Phase System ( Resistive load )

For the resistive load current and voltage are in same

phase and power is uni- directional and for the same
magnitude of current Average power will be more
compared to capacitive and inductive load for same rms
load current
 Single-Phase System ( Pure Inductive load )

I
o

Current lags the voltage by 900 . Power is pulsating and

average real power is zero
Single phase System ( Pure capacitive load)

Current leads the voltage by 900 . Power is

pulsating and average real power is zero
Single-Phase System (Inductive load )
Three Phase System for resistive load
Power for the Balanced System
3 Phase Pow ers

80000
70000

60000
pow er (W )

Phase a1
50000
Phase b2
40000
Phase c3
30000
Total
20000

10000
0
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
time (s)

•The power flow in an ideal 3-phase system is constant

•This has inherent advantages for an electrical power system:
•Components are not oversized or under-utilised
•Losses are minimised
•Vibration is minimised
•Mechanical components connected to the electrical
system (motors or generators) have smooth input/output
 Three-Phase System: 3-wire

•Loads (impedances) must be identical

•Otherwise unbalanced voltages are produced across the 3
loads
•3-phase, 4-wire systems are widely used to supply electric
power to commercial and industrial users
•3-phase, 3-wire systems most commonly occur in
motor/generator drives
 Star (Wye) Connection
Line current IL VA

a Line to line
voltage
VL = VA - VB
n
Vn
c Line to
b
VB neutral
current Inl

Line to line voltage = √3 line

to neutral voltage
VL = √3 Vln
Line current equals line to neutral current I L=
Inl
 Delta Connection

Line to line voltage = line to neutral voltage

VL = Vln
Line current equals √3 the line to neutral current
IL= √3 Inl
Reactive Power to
be compensated to
maintain power
factor
Comparison Between overhead and underground system
S No Features Overhead Underground
1 Public Safety Less More
2 Initial Cost Less More
3 Flexibility More Less
4 Working Voltage More > 400kV Less < 66kV
5 Frequency of Fault and More Less
Failure
6 Voltage Drop More ( Large Inductance) Less ( Low nductance )
7 Appearance OK Good
8 Fault Location and repair Easier Difficult

9 Charging Current Less( High Capacitance ) High(Low capacitance)

10 Interference to Comm. More Less
Circuit
11 Maintenance cost High More

12 Surge Effect More Less ( Metal sheath of

cable absorbs surge)
Various systems of Transmission of Electrical
power
Dc System
 DC two wire system
DC two wire system with mid point earthed
DC three wire system  
Single phase AC system
 Single phase two wire system
Single phase two wire system with mid point earthed
Single phase three wire system 
Two phase AC system  
Two phase 4 wire system
Two phase three wire system
Three phase system
Three phase three wire system
Three phase 4 wire system
Comparison

on the basic of the following assumption

Power to be transmitted is same
The distance over which the power is to be
transmitted is same
The line losses are same
Maximum voltage to the earth sis same
Result of the Comparison of Over Head Transmission
system
Volume of Conductor material Required on the
Systems basics of

Maximum Voltage betn Maximum Voltage betn

conductor to the Earth condutor to conductor

Two wire 1 1
DC Two wire with mid 0.25 1
Earthed
Three wire 0.3125 1.25
AC Two wire 2/ cos2 2/ cos2
single Two wire with Mid 0.5/ cos2 2/ cos2
phase earth Three wire 0.625/ cos2 2.5/ cos2
AC two 2Phase 4wire 0.5/ cos2 2/ cos2
phase 2phase three wire 1.457/ cos2 2.914/ cos2
Three 3phase 3 wire 0.5/ cos2 1.5/ cos2
phase 3 phase 4wire 0.583/ cos2 1.75/ cos2
Anlysis
DC Two wire
I R

Peak Value of the Voltage =Vm

R.M.S Value of the voltage =V m

Load current =I  P
Vm
2
Line loss=  P  L
W  2 I 2 R  2  
V m  a

Volume of the conductor =2aL  4 P 2

L 2

2
WV m
Anlysis
Single Phase AC system
I R
Load Power factor =
Peak Value of the Voltage =Vm
Vm
R.M.S Value of the voltage =
2
P 2P
I 
Vm V mCos
Load current = Cos
2
2
 2P  L
W  2 I 2 R  2  
 a
Line loss=  V mCos 

8 P 2 L2
2aL  2
Volume of the conductor = WV m Cos 2
 Three Phase Three wire System
Vm
RMS Voltage /Phase =
6
P
3 6P
Current Per PhaseI  V m 
Cos 3V mCos
6
2
 6P  L
Line Loss 
W  3I R  3
2
  '

 3V mCos  a
 
6 P 2 L2
Volume of the conductor = L 
3a '

WV m Cos 
2 2
Advantage of Three Phase System
• A copper conductor saving of up to 75% compared to
single phase to transmit same power through same
distance with same efficiency. This depends on the
degree of load balance achievable
• Cheaper generator and motor. 3 phase generators
and induction motor are more common and cheaper
than their single phase equivalents above 5kW.
Fractional Hp and special motor are not considered
in this comparison
• 3 phase generators and induction motor are smaller
in size than their single phase equivalents
Properties of the Annealed Copper and
Aluminum
Characteristics Copper Aluminum

Density , Kg/m3 8900 2700

Melting Point (0C) 1083 660

Thermal Conductivity (W/m-0C) 350 200

Resistivity (-m) 0.01724x10-6 0.0287x10-6

Resistance Temp Coeff at 200C-10C 0.00393 0.0039

Coeff of thermal Expansion 200C/10C 1.67x10-6 25.5x10-6

Specific Heat (J/kg-0C) 390 920

Specific Strength(MN/m2) 220-250

Comparison Between Aluminum and Copper wire

• For same KVA

Items Copper Aluminum
Cost 1 0.49xPc/Pa
Cross-section 1 1.62

Diameter 1 1.27
Volume 1 2.04

Weight 1 0.49
Breaking Strength 1 0.64