Moles, Density and

Concentration
Chapter 2
Concepts and Procedures
2.1 The Mole
2.2 Density
2.3 Specific Gravity
2.4 Flow Rate
2.5 Mole Fraction and Mass (Weight) Fraction
2.6 Analysis of Multicomponent Solutions and
Mixtures
2.7 Concentration
The Mole
 Mole is a certain amount of material corresponding to
a specified number of molecules, atoms, electrons or
any other type of particles;
 In the SI system a mole is composed of 6.022x1023
(Avogadro’s Number) molecules;
 One important calculations you should become skilled
at is to convert the number of moles to mass and the
mass to moles;
 Molecular Weight
 Atomic Weight

 Compound
Density
• Density is the ratio of mass per unit volume as
for example kg/m3 or lb/ft3;
• Specific volume is the inverse of density, such
as cm3/g or ft3/lb;
Specific Gravity
 Specific Gravity is commonly thought of as a
dimensionless ratio;
 It should be considered as the ratio of two
densities-that of the substance of interest, to that
of a reference substance-each of which has
associated units.
Flow Rate
 For continuous processes, the flow rate of a
process stream is the rate at which materials is
transported through a pipe;
 The mass flow rate of a process stream is the
mass transported through a line per unit time;
 The volumetric flow rate of a process stream is
the volume transported through a line per unit
time;
 The molar flow rate of a process stream is the
number of moles of a substance transported
through a line per unit time;
Mole Fraction and Mass
(Weight) Fraction
 Mole fraction is simply the number of moles of
a particular compound in a mixture or solution
divided by the total number of moles in a mixture
or solution;
 The mass (weight) fraction is nothing more
than the mass (weight) of the compound divided
by the total mass (weight) of all the compounds
in the mixture or solution.
Analyses of Multicomponent
Solutions and Mixtures
 The composition of gases will always be
presumed to be given in a mole percent or
faction unless specifically stated otherwise;
 The composition of liquids and solids will be
given by mass (weight) percent or fraction
unless otherwise specifically stated, as is the
common practice in industry.
Concentration
 Concentration generally refers to the quantity
of some substance per unit volume; but other
related measures of the amount of material
frequently occur, as indicated by some terms
in the following list of ways to express
concentration:
 Mass per unit volume
 Moles per unit volume
 Parts per million (ppm); parts per billion (ppb)
 Parts per million by volume (ppmv); parts per billion
by volume (ppmb)
Other methods of expressing
concentration:
 Molarity (g mol/L);
 Molality (mole solute/kg solvent);
 Normality (equivalents/L)