Transportation and storage of Melnychenko

Yurii Hrymyslavovych
hydrocarbons fundamentals
 Introduction

I Oil pipeline transportation

II Storage of crude oil and oil products
III Natural gas pipelines transportation
IV Natural gas distribution system
V Underground natural gas storage
VI LNG, CNG transport
VIII LPG and Biogas transportation and storage
VIII Pipeline crossings
IX Protection of the pipelines against corrosion
General observations on the hydrocarbon
transport
The need to transport hydrocarbons over long distances is usually
resolved by means of two solutions, i.e.
1. transport by tanks, overland (on roads or railways) and by sea (in
tankers);
2. transport through pipelines across the country, in accordance with
the market principles of supply and demand and sometimes across
the sea.

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Tank solutions
The tank solution is flexible, with moderate investment costs due,
largely, to the infrastructure available, such as sufficiently suitable roads
and railways, which are offset, however, by very high operating costs.
In particular the freedom of the choice of market from which to
obtain supplies of hydrocarbons and the freedom of where to locate
reception and storage terminals for the product, is certainly a relevant
factor in the choice, but can be outweighed by problems of security and
environmental impact that are sometimes highly critical issues. The tank
solution is often adopted for transport of liquid hydrocarbons over
medium/short overland distances and, increasingly in recent years,over
long overseas distances for natural gas liquefied (LNG)
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Pipeline solutions
The pipeline solution is certainly an inflexible option in comparison
with the foregoing and calls for very high initial investment, against
which, however, operating costs are not particularly high. Due to the
permanent nature of a pipeline’s infrastructure, the political stability of
the area to be traversed is a decisive factor in the choice of this option.
In fact, even if buried or under sea (to a lesser extent), a pipeline is
always vulnerable, being fixed, recognizable and of great length, making
active and effective protection across hostile territory unfeasible

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Natural gas pipelines contrary to LNG
Transmission by pipeline uses no more than 10% of the energy
contained in the gas transported, compared with the 30% used in the
liquefied gas option. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the costs
highlights that for long-distance pipelines the actual cost of transport
in the year 2000 varied between US$1.40 and US$1.80 per unit of
energy transported (1 million BTU), while the transport cost of
liquefied natural gas was in the order of US$2.50-2.70 for the same
amount of energy transported.

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I Oil pipeline transportation

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Oil pipeline
structure
Lecture 1
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Oil pipelines classification
According to ASME B31.4-2016:
for pipeline transport of the liquids and slurries the classification of Locations for
Electrical Installations at Petroleum Facilities Classified as Class I, Zone 0, Zone 1, and
Zone 2 are specified
The classification of the hazardous areas shall be carried out according to the frequency
of the existence of a flammable gas/air mixture. Three main subdivisions exist:
• Zone 0 is that part of hazardous area in which a flammable atmosphere is
continuously present or present for long periods;
• Zone 1 is that part of a hazardous area in which flammable atmosphere is likely to
occur in normal operation; and
• Zone 2 is that part of a hazardous area in which flammable atmosphere is not likely to
occur in normal operation, and if it occurs, will exist only for short periods.
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Oil pipelines classification
According to SNiP 2.05.06-85:
Main oil pipelines and oil pipelines are classified according to the
conditional diameter of the pipeline into four classes:
- Class I - nominal diameter greater than 1000 mm up to 1200 mm
inclusive;
- Class II - nominal diameter greater than 500 mm up to 1000 mm inclusive;
- ІІІ class - conditional diameter more than 300 mm up to 500 mm inclusive;
- Class IV - nominal diameter of 300 mm or less.

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 Linear equipment of the pipelines
До споживачів

• 1,2 – pipeline crossings via artificial obstacles ; 3 - compressor or

pumping stations, 6 - terminals, 8 - tank farms; 4,5 - pipeline crossings via
natural obstacles, 9 - valves, 7 – equipment for corrosion protection.
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