IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

 COŞQUN MEHDİYEV
 SAMİR DADAŞ-ZADƏ
 ORXAN SƏRKARLI
 WHAT ARE IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS?
 In mathematics, an irrational number is any
real number which cannot be expressed as a
fraction a/b, where a and b are integer, with
b non-zero and is therefore not a rational
number.
 Informally this means that irrational number
cannot be represented a simple fraction
 HISTORY OF IRRATIONAL
NUMBERS
Ø Apparently, Hippasus(one of Pythagoras’
students)discovered irrational numbers when
trying to represent the square root of 2 as a
fraction.
Ø However, Pythagoras could not accept the
existence of irrational numbers, because he
believed that all numbers had perfect
value.But he could not disprove. So Hippasus
was thrown overboard and drowned
DİFFERENCE BETWEEN IRRATIONAL
AND RATIONAL NUMBERS
Rational numbers Irrational numbers

Make a sense Don’t make a sense because they

Can beareshown
They as a/b
fractions which are never
Cannot
Any end
be and have
shown
decimal asno
a/bpattern
representation that
culminating
Power of anydecimal
integer or a
is rational doesn’t
Radical have a repeating
of major integerspattern
is
repeating
number decimal
121^1/2=11;27^1/3=3 or terminate
irrational is an irrational
number
1/7=0.14285714…..;e=2.718281
number
828…..
 Open question in irrational
numbers
vIt is not known whether “π+e” or “π-e” is irrational
or not.
vIn fact,There is no pair of non-zero integers m and
n for which it is known whether the set
m*π +n*e irrational or not.Moreover,it is not
known whether the set {π,e} algebraically
independent over Q
vIt is not known whether π , π/e, 2^e, π^e, ln π
Catalan’s constant or Euler-Mascheroni gamma
constant
 SQUARE ROOTS
 The square root of 2 was the first number to be proved
irrational and that article contains a number of proofs.
 The golden ratio is the next most famous quadratic
irrational and there is a simple proof of its article.The
square roots of all non-square natural numbers are
irrational and a proof may be found in quandratic
irrationals.
 If √2 is rational it has the form m/n for integer m, n not
both even.Then m^2=2p^2,hence m is even,say
m=2p.Thus,4p^2=2n^2 so 2p^2=n^2,hence n is also
even,a contradiction
 GENERAL ROOTS
 The proof above for the square root of two can be
generalized using the fundamental theorem of
arithmetic which was proved by Gauss in 1798.This
asserts that every integer has unique factorization into
primes. Using it we can show that if a rational number
is not an integer then no integral power of it can be an
integer, as in lowest terms there must be a prime in the
denominator which does not divide into the numerator
whatever power is raised to.Therefore if an integer is
not exact k-th power of another integer than its k-th
root is irrational
 TRIGONOMETRIC NUMBER
 A trigonometric number is an irrational number
produced by taking the cosine of a rational
multiple of a circle or equivalently,the cosine
of a rational number of degrees
 Example:cos15,sin54,tg17,ctg62,sec41,
cosec121
 DECIMAL EXPANSIONS
 The decimal expansion of an irrational number never repeats or
terminates, unlike a rational number.Conversly suppose we are
faced with a recurring decimal, we can prove that itiis a fraction
of two integers for example:
 A=0.7162162162…….
 Here the length of the repitend is 3 we multiply by 10^3
 1000A=716.2162162
 So, when we subract A from both sides, the tail end of 1000A
cancels out the tail end of A
 999A=715.5. Then:
 A=715.5/999=7155/9990=135x53/135x74=53/74(135 is the
greatest common divisor of 7155 and 9990)
 A=715.5/999=2x715.5/2x999=1431/1998=27x53/27x74=53/74

FAMOUS IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
 π -is a famous irrational number. People have
calculated to over one million decimal places
and there is no pattern. The first few digits
look like this..
3.14159265358979323846264…..
 The Golden Ratio is an irrational number. The
first few digits look like this.
 1.61803398874989484820…

FAMOUS IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
 The number e (Euler’s Number) is another famous irrational
number. People have also calculated e to lots of decimal
places without any pattern showing. The first few digits
look like this.


 2.718281828459…..


 Many square roots, cube roots, etc are also irrational

numbers..Example:
 √3=1.73205080756
 √99=9.94874371066



Where can we find special irrational
numbers?
 The answers to this depends on what you
consider ‘special’. It is not easy to just “come
up” with such special numbers. However, you
can easily discover more irrational numbers
after you have found that most square roots
are irrational. For example, what do you think
√2 +1? What about other sums where you
add one irrational number and rational
number,for example… √5+1/4?
 SURPRISING FACT IN
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS


 A surprising fact an irrational to an irrational

power can be rational