Why Lithium ion batteries ??

Standard reduction potential

Li-ion batteries (~3.7 V)

⇒ high operating voltage

Ni-MH (~1.3 V)

Ni-Cd (~1.3 V)

Lead-acid (~2 V)

( 전지공학 -3. 음극 자료
 Why Lithium ion batteries ??
▶ Advantages

 High cell voltage (~3.7 V)

→ High energy density
(∵ energy = capacity (C) x voltage(J/C))
 High cycling stability
 Low self-discharge
 No memory effect

⇒ Most common in consumer

electronics (e.g. mobile devices)

(Khalil Amine, Next generation lithium ion & beyond lithium ion)
 Secondary Lithium Ion
Batteries
▶ Graphite (anode) // LiCoO2 (cathode)
Layered lithium
metal oxide
Reversible exchange
of “Li-ions”

Graphite LiCoO2

• Increase stability & safety of batteries

• Stable cycle performance

(cf) Shortcomings of “Li metal”

• High reactivity with water and oxygen
• Formation of “lithium dendrite” and “dead lithium” → Safety problem & capacity loss
 Secondary Lithium Ion
Batteries
▶ Formation of lithium dendrite
Surface change of Li metal

(after charging)

(before electrochemical test)

• Discharging
(anode) Dissolution of Li metal (Li → Li+ + e-)

• Charging
(anode) Deposition of Li metal (Li+ + e- → Li)
 Secondary Lithium Ion
Batteries
▶ Glossary of battery terms

▶ Capacity (Ah)
: Total quantity of charge that the battery may deliver
in discharge (A=C/S, h=3600s, 1Ah=3,600 C)

▶ Specific capacity (Ah/g)

: Total quantity of charge that the battery may deliver in discharge per weight unit

▶ Volumetric capacity (Ah/cm3)

: Total quantity of charge that the battery may deliver in discharge per volume unit
 Secondary Lithium Ion
Batteries
▶ How to calculate theoretical specific capacity ?

• Theoretical
specific
capacity of graphite
= 372 mAh/g

unit conversion
molar mass of
graphite

Faraday constant, F=e·NA = (1.6 x 10-19 C) * (6.02 x 1023 mol-1) = 96500 C/mol
(Magnitude of electric charge per mole of electron)
 Secondary Lithium Ion
Batteries
▶ Specific energy, or gravimetric energy density (Wh/g)
: Maximum (theoretical) energy that the battery can deliver per weight unit

▶ Volumetric energy density (Wh/cm3)

: Maximum (theoretical) energy that the battery can deliver per volume unit
 Secondary Lithium Ion
Batteries
▶ C-rate (current rate)
: 1C-rate refers current which can charge or discharge the cell in 1 hour.

C-rate charge or discharge time

0.2 C 5 hr
1C 1 hr
5C 0.2 hr (12 min)

• 0.2 C (=200 mA)

→ total charging/discharging time : 5 hour

• 1 C (=1000 mA)
→ total charging/discharging time : 1 hour
 Secondary Lithium Ion
Batteries
(Discharge curve of a Li-ion battery)

• Fast charging/discharging
(large C-rate)

Large polarization

Decrease capacity &

energy density

• polarization
: The difference between the
voltage under equilibrium and
that with a current flow

(http://www.richtek.com/battery-management/en/designing-liion.html)
 Secondary Lithium Ion
Batteries
▶ Specific power, or gravimetric power density (W/g)
: The ability of the battery to take on/deliver power per weight unit

(Ragone plot)

(http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/battery_definitions)

(http://berc.berkeley.edu/storage-wars-batteries-vs-supercapacitors/)
 Secondary Lithium Ion
Batteries
(Voltage profiles of graphite at 1 st cycle)

• Cirr : irreversible capacity loss

(→ originating from SEI formation)

• Crev : reversible capacity

Small Cirr at first cycle

∴
negligible Cirr since 2nd cycle
⇒ Ideal case

(“ 전지공학 3_ 음극” 자료 참고 )