Structural Systems

Nature of Lateral Loads

• Wind Load is:

•Directly proportional to wind speed

• Wind speed at ground = zero

•Inversely proportional to height above ground

 Nature of Lateral Loads

Write a report on: Hurricane “Harvey”

Describe
1.its Path
2.Maximum Speed
3.Touch Down Speed
4.Extent of Damage
5.Affected Areas.
 Earthquakes

• An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of

energy in the earth’s crust.

•Energy release creates seismic waves.

• The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to

the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced
over a period of time
 Earthquakes

• Earthquakes are measured with a seismometer; a device

whose record is known as a seismograph.

• The moment magnitude (or the related Richter magnitude)

of an earthquake is conventionally reported, with magnitude
3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible and
magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas.

• Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified

Mercalli scale.
 Earthquakes

• At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by

shaking and sometimes displacing the ground.

• An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or

hypocenter. The term epicenter refers to the point at ground
level directly above the hypocenter.
 Earthquakes

• There are three main types of fault: normal,

reverse (thrust) and strike-slip.

1.Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the

crust is being extended such as a
divergent boundary.

2.Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is

being shortened such as at a convergent boundary.

3.Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the

two sides of the fault slip horizontally past each
other 
San Andreas Fault
Earth Movement
 Assignment

I- Collect information about:

1- Kalabsha Fault Near Aswan
2- October 1992 Earthquake (Epicenter near Cairo)
3- 1995 Earthquake that affected south Sinai.
Your report should contain The following:
1.Earthquakes initiated from the same fault
2.Type of Fault
3.EQ magnitudes
4.Depth of EQ focus
5.Samples of Damage caused by These EQs

II- Write a report on Halabga EQ (Near the Iraqi-Iranian

Borders)
Earthquake Forces

Normal
Position Story Drift
Total Drift

Inertia Force

Inertia Force

Ground
Acceleration
 Earthquake Forces

What Produces the Damaging

Forces In Structures?

• Ground motion below building…

• Results in inertial reaction of building trying to “stay still”

by Newton’s 1st law of motion…

• Which leads to lateral displacement behaving as a lateral

structural force
 Earthquake Forces

What Produces the Damaging

Forces In Structures?

• Dynamic Forces: Newton’s Second Law of Motion: F= M·A

• F=W·A/g or F=W·c (F = Seismic loading force)

• W= Building weight
• A = Ground acceleration
• g = Gravitational constant (32.2 ft/s2 or 9.8 m/s2)
• c = Seismic base shear coefficient – Says lateral force is a % of
building weight
 Earthquake Forces
Other Factors Affecting
Seismic Loads on Structures

• Magnitude of Ground Acceleration

• Building Inertia (directly proportional to mass)

• Natural Vibrational Period of Building

• Natural Vibrational Period of Soil

• Nature of Structural Framing System

 Earthquake Forces

Other Factors Affecting

Seismic Loads on Structures

• If building infinitely rigid with steady acceleration, then

F=W·c would be true

• But real buildings are flexible to some extent, the

accelerations are anything but steady, and the founding soils
are of complex variations.
 Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Some of the Lateral Load Resisting Systems:

1- Frames (steel or RC)
 Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Some of the Lateral Load Resisting Systems:

2- Shear Walls (steel or RC)
 Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Some of the Lateral Load Resisting Systems:

3- Combined Frames and Shear Walls (steel or RC)
 Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Some of the Lateral Load Resisting Systems:

4- Structural Tubes (steel or RC)
 Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Some of the Lateral Load Resisting Systems:

4- Structural Tubes (steel or RC)
Lateral Load Resisting Systems
 Lateral Load Resisting Systems

Some of the Lateral Load Resisting Systems:

5- Outrigger Frame or Truss (steel or RC)
Earthquake Forces