COORDINATION

AND RESPONSE
PART 3
BY DR ATHIRAH
 OSMOREGULATION

Osmoregulation is Kidneys are the

Osmoregulation is Kidneys are the
the control of water
the control of water major organ in
and ion balance in
and ion balance in
major organ in
internal environment. osmoregulation
internal environment. osmoregulation

Through negative
Through negative
feedback; ADH
(reabsorption ofADH
feedback; water)
(reabsorption of
and aldosterone water)
and aldosterone
(reabsorption of salts)
(reabsorption
in the bloodof salts)
in the blood
 MECHANISM OF OSMOREGULATION

Increase Osmoreceptor
Increase Osmoreceptor
cells in
Drinking too blood cells in
Drinking too blood hypothalamus
little water osmotic hypothalamus
detect the
little water osmotic
pressure detect the
pressure changes
changes

The wall of distal tubule ADH acts on Stimulate

andThe wall of duct
collecting distalbecome
tubule ADH tubule
distal acts on Stimulate
pituitary
and collecting
more permeable duct become
towards distal tubule pituitary
and collecting gland to
more permeable
water towards andincollecting gland to
duct kidney secrete ADH
water duct in kidney secrete ADH

More water Small amount Blood osmotic

More water
reabsorbs from Small
andamount Blood osmotic
pressure will
reabsorbs from
tubule into blood and
concentrated pressure will
decrease and
tubule into blood
capillaries concentrated
urine produced decrease and
restored to normal
capillaries urine produced restored to normal
 MECHANISM OF OSMOREGULATION
Decrease Osmoreceptor
Decrease Osmoreceptor
cells in
Drinking too blood cells in
Drinking too blood hypothalamus
much water osmotic hypothalamus
detect the
much water osmotic
pressure detect the
pressure changes
changes

Less ADH acts Stimulate pituitary gland

The wall of distal tubule Less ADH acts Stimulate
on distal to secretepituitary gland
less ADH;
andThe wall of duct
collecting distalbecome
tubule
on distal to secrete
and collecting duct become tubule and stimulate theless ADH;
adrenal
impermeable towards tubule and stimulate
impermeable collecting duct glands to the adrenal
secrete
water towards collecting
water in kidneyduct glands to secrete
aldosterone
in kidney aldosterone
Aldosterone hormone
Aldosterone
increases hormone
the
Less water Diluted urine; Blood
Less water
reabsorbs from permeability ofthe
increases the Diluted
osmoticurine; Blood
pressure
reabsorbs from walls, more saltsthe
permeability of osmotic pressure
tubule into blood walls, more will increase and
tubule into blood reabsorbed intosalts
the will increase and
capillaries reabsorbed
blood into the restored to normal
capillaries blood
restored to normal
CONSEQUENCES OF IMPAIRED KIDNEY
FUNCTION

A person is said to
have kidney failure
when his kidney
filtration rate drops
to half
 CONSEQUENCES OF IMPAIRED KIDNEY
FUNCTION
Damage
the
High blood Diabetes
glomerular
pressure Mellitus
capillaries

Kidney failure
occurs as a
complication of :

Overdose of
Infection
medicine
 Kidney failure
causes:

Waste products accumulate in the blood

and imbalances in ion concentration

Treatment available

a) Haemodialysis
b) Kidney donation and kidney
transplantation
 HAEMODIALYSIS

• Haemodialysis : medical treatment in which wastes and excess water are filtered from
the blood by an elaborate machine.
• The patient’s blood is pumped through a machine containing tubes made of membrane
suspended in dialysis fluid which consists of salts, glucose and other substances with
its concentration similar to blood plasma.
• Like a glomerulus, the membrane has very small pores that prevent the diffusion of
blood cells and proteins but large enough for smaller molecules to pass through.
• Wastes dissolved in the blood will diffuse out and the solute concentrations return to
normal levels.
• The dialysed and cleansed blood is then returned to the patient’s body.
3 times a
week
 KIDNEY DONATION AND KIDNEY
TRANSPLANT
• Patient with chronic kidney disease needs to undergo haemodialysis
for the rest of their life unless they receive a kidney transplant.
• The failed kidneys are replaced with healthy, working kidney from
another person.
• Most kidneys used for transplant come from people who have
planned to donate their organ after death.
• Kidneys donated by living related donor have a better chance of
success than from a deceased person.
• The donor’s kidneys have to match with the recipient’s body to
prevent rejection.
REGULATION OF BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL
 REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
• The normal body temperature is 37.2 C.
• Regulation of body temperature is important because chemical
reactions, protein functions and membrane structure are greatly
influenced by it.
• To control the body temperature, our body gains and loses heat by
several mechanisms.
• The hypothalamus will detect changes in the temperature of blood.
• Thermoreceptor in the skin will detect the changes in the
environmental temperature.
 PRACTISING A
HEALTHY LIFESTYLE
 EFFECTS OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
ON HUMANS
Drugs are chemical substances
that exist naturally or produced Drug abuse is the misuse
synthetically used in the or overdose consumption
prevention and treatment of
diseases 1) Drug
of medicines or drugs
abuse that can damage a
person’s health
Prescribed drugs are taken to alter
physiological conditions, mood and
can be addictive
 Alcohol is a depressant that slows down
Alcohol is a depressant that slows down
the reflexes, disrupts coordination and
the reflexes, disrupts coordination and
impairs judgement
impairs judgement

Alcohol is a depressant that slows down

Alcohol is a depressant that slows down
the reflexes, disrupts coordination and
the reflexes, disrupts coordination and
impairs judgement
impairs judgement

ALCOHOL ABUSE

Leads to alcoholism with

Destruction of cells in the
various symptoms
brain and liver over a long
a) Addiction/craving
period
b) Physiological dependence
 EFFECTS OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE
IMPAIRED JUDGEMENT EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCE

ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
VERBAL INABILITY TO CONCENTRATE

DETERIORATION
OF ONE’S
PHYSICAL
HEALTH
 FACTORS THAT CAN LEAD TO DRUG AND
ALCOHOL ABUSE
 Peer group pressure
Seeking for pleasure
Anxiety and depression
A victim of bullying who has been affected mentally
Bad company influence such as drug addicts
Victims of child abuse
Children neglected by parents
 PLANTS HORMONES

• Plant hormones or plant growth regulators are chemical substances

secreted by specific cells and transported via xylem or phloem to
other parts of the plant body
• Plant hormones help in :
1. Coordination
Growth and metabolism
2. Development
 PLANT HORMONES

ETHYLENE
ETHYLENE
AUXINS
AUXINS (ETHENE)
(ETHENE)
 AUXINS

• Auxins are synthesised mainly in the apical

meristems of the shoots
• The growth of plants towards a certain stimulus
is controlled by auxins
• Different concentrations of auxins are needed for
the optimum growth of the root, bud and stem
• However, high concentrations of auxins above
optimum level can inhibit growth
 Promote growth
and elongation of Promote fruit
stems development
Inhibit leaf
abscission

Role of auxins
in plant
Promote development
formation of Involve in
lateral roots and phototropism and
dormancy in geotropism
lateral buds
SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS ON EFFECTS OF
AUXINS
SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS BY FRITS WENT
 ROLE OF AUXINS IN TROPISM

• Tropism is the movement of certain parts of the plant

towards or away from specific environmental stimuli
• Tropism occurs when a stimulus enhances or inhibits cell
elongation
• A directional response to gravity  GEOTROPISM
• A directional response to light  PHOTOTROPISM
• These types of response are usually controlled by
hormones such as auxins.
 USES OF HORMONES IN AGRICULTURE

AUXINS
ETHENE

• To stimulate growth of fruits

 To induce flowering in
• To delay ripening of fruits
pineapples grown in field
• To prevent fruits from falling off
 To stimulate the production of
the plant before they ripes
flowers in cucumber and melon
• To induce the formation of roots
plants to increase their fruits
in cuttings
yield
• To promote uniform flowering
 To ripen pineapples, bananas,
and set the fruiting period in
tomatoes, apples, mangoes and
pineapples
papayas that in unripe state
• To produce bushier plants
when picked and shipped
• For the formation of fruits
 To increase latex flow in rubber
without fertilisation
trees