PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

BY: MARILYN A. BAYHI, LPT

JEHAN P. KAHIL, LPT
RESEARCH
 PROPONENT & BIOGRAPHY OF THE PROPONENT
 As a young man he decided to be a scientist.
 Born in Austria but spent most of his childhood and adult
life in Vienna after his family moved there when he was four
years old (Sigmun Freud Biography, 2017).
 He entered medical school and trained to become a
neurologist, earning a medical degree in 1881.
 After his graduation, he set up a private practice and began
treating patients with psychological disorder.
 His attention was captured by a colleague's intriguing
experience with a patient. The colleague was Dr. Breuer and
the patient was the famous “Anna O.” who suffered from
SIGMUND physical symptoms with no apparent physical cause. Dr.
FREUD
(May 6, 1856 – Breuer found that her symptoms abated when he helped
September 23, 1939) her recover memories of traumatic experiences that she
had repressed, or hidden away from her conscious mind.
 This case sparked Freud’s interest in the unconscious mind
 OVERVIEW OF THE THEORY OR THERAPEUTIC
PERSPECTIVE

Psychoanalytic theories or therapeutic perspective

approach explain human behavior in terms of the
interaction of various components of Personality.
 MODELS OF THE MIND

1. CONSCIOUS MIND
2. PRECONSCIOUS MIND
3. UNCONSCIOUS MIND
 THREE FUNCTIONS OF THE PSYCHE:
1. ID “PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
 Impulses that want to be gratified, without regard to potential
punishment.
 Consists of everything psychological that is inherited and
present at birth, including the instincts.
 It is close touch with the bodily processes from which it
derives its energy.
 Freud called the id the “true psychic reality” because it
presents the inner world of subjective experience and has no
knowledge of objective reality.
2. EGO “REALITY PRINCIPLE”

 Moderates between the id and superego.

 Ego comes into existence because the needs of the organism
require appropriate transactions with the objective world of
reality.
 Distinguishes between things in the mind and things in the
external world.
 Is said to obey the reality principle and to operate by means
of the secondary process.
 The aim of the reality principle is to prevent the discharge of
tension until an object that is appropriate for the
satisfaction of the need ha been discovered.
3. THE SUPEREGO (MORAL PRINCIPLE)
 Internalized values of family and society, moral standards.
(Conscience)
Main Functions:
1. To inhibit the impulses of the Id, particularly those of a
sexual or aggressive nature, since these are the impulses
whose expression is most highly condemned by society.
2. To persuade the ego to substitute moralistic goals for
realistic ones.
3. To strive for perfection.
 DEFENSE MECHANISMS
MECHANISM DESCRIPTION
1. REPRESSION an unconscious mechanism
employed by the ego to keep
disturbing or threatening
thoughts from becoming
conscious.
II. DENIAL Involves blocking external
events from awareness. If
some situation is just too much smoking is bad for their
to handle. The person just
refuses to experience
III. PROJECTION Involves individuals attributing
their own unacceptable
thoughts, feeling and motives
EXAMPLE
during the Oedipus
complex aggressive
thoughts about the same
sex parents are
repressed.
Smokers may refuse to
admit to themselves that
health.
You might hate
someone, but your
superego tells you that
 MECHANISM DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE
IV. Displacement Satisfying an impulse with a Someone who is
substitute objects. frustrated by his/her
boss at work may go
home and kick the dog.
V. Regression This is a movement back in A child may begin to
psychological time when one suck their thumb again
is faced with stress. or wet the bed when
they need to spend
some time in the
hospital.
VI. Sublimation Channeling negative urges Negative: angry for not
and impulses into positive, being selected by the
socially-acceptable behavior. XYZ company.
Positive: work hard and
started my own
venture.
 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT

Overview:

 The child passes through a series of dynamically

differentiated stages during the first five years of life.
 Each stage of development during the first five years is
defined in terms of modes of reaction of a particular zone of
the body.
 Following which for a period of five or six years-the period
of latency-the dynamics become more or less stabilized.
With the Advent of adolescence the dynamics erupt again
and gradually settle down as the adolescent moves into
adulthood.
 For Freud, the first few years of life are decisive for the
STAGE EROGENOUS ZONE ACTIVITY FIXATION
/AGGRESSION
ORAL Mouth Sucking, Swallowing, Binge eating, Sarcasm,
Biting, Argumentative,
smoking, drinking &
alcoholism
ANAL Anus Bowel movement, Cruelty, Disorderliness,
Bladder Control, Wanton destructiveness
Withholding or Expelling
Faeces
PHALLIC Genitalia Identifying gender role Difficulty with intimate
(Penis or Clitoris) model relationship
*Oedipus complex Castration Anxiety
*Electra Complex Penis Envy

LATTENT NONE Social Interaction No fixation occurs

GENITAL Maturation of sexual Sexual Attraction, Previous fixation:
orientation socialization, sex Low/high sexual interest
intercourse, sexual No previous fixation:
 CORE CONCEPTS AND GOALS OF THE THERAPEUTIC
PERSPECTIVE

 Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their

unconscious, thoughts and motivations.
 It is built on the foundational idea that your behavior is determined by
the experiences from your past that are lodged in your unconscious,
where you are not aware of them

Aim:
 Release repressed emotions and experiences. (make the unconscious
conscious)
TECHNIQUES OF THE THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVE

To be discussed by Jehan Kahil

DISCUSS HOW A CASE CAN BE RESOLVED USING THE TECHNIQUES OF
THE THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVE

Free Association Method:

 Requires the patient to say everything that comes into consciousness or inappropriate it
may sound.
 Allow the patient talk about everything and anything that occurs to the patient without
restraint and without any attempt to produce a logical, organized, meaningful discourse.
Role of the therapist:
 A passive one.
 The therapist sits and listens, persuade occasionally by asking questions when the verbal
flow of the patient dries up but will not interrupt when the patient is talking. In order to
reduce influence of external distractions to a minimum, the patient ordinarily reclines on a
couch in a quiet room.
 Chat down information
 PROCESS

Dimensions of Psychotherapeutic diagnosis:

1. The ability to fulfill essential needs

- Affection, healthy relationship, self-
trust, feeling of stability and security, Self-
empowerment
II. Inner Barriers to realizing needs .

-Emotional Deprivation, over dependence,

indecisive,
III. Coping Styles

-Coping by Internalization: ruth believed

that circumstances resulting in negative
situations occur due to her own fault.
“ I am scared to make the wrong decisions
and that in doing, I will ruin not only my life
but John’s life and the future of my kids.
- Repression mechanism: Ruth tend to avoid
becoming conscious about her emotions
that are considered to be threatening.

“I’ve given my all to see that my kids grow up

decently that even though I’m trying my best
I often worry that I haven’t done enough.
Iv. Assessment of the degree of motivation:
 Pre-contemplation: Ruth deny the existence
of the problem and believed it relates to
others.
“I’ll never win their approval as long as I stay
away from the religion that so dear to them.
But I find it more and more difficult to live by
something I don’t believe in.”
-Contemplation: Ruth already realize the
problem and is considering a change.
“ruth’s big problem is she often feel lost and
confused one thing some kind of anchor in her
life.”
-Phase of Preparation: Ruth has already
considered the possibility of change,
“I began to consider that maybe I could benefit
from getting some counseling”.
-Phase of taking action: patients starts making
changes, starts to change behavior, appraisal
of situation, or they start to reshape their
environment.
 INDICATION OF PSYCHOTHERAPY

Case Conceptualization: Therapist creates hypothesis about the risk

the casual and the sustaining factors of the psychic, social and
behavioral problem of the patient.

“Over the course of counseling, based on Ruth’s verbalization she tends

to experience strong feelings of fear and worry, accompanied by a less
distorted perception or reality. This implies that Ruth tends to have
signs of Psychoneurosis.
THERAPY CONTRACT:

The therapist must be able to make a decision on the

necessity of the therapy:
o Location
o Method
o Duration
o Frequency and its realistic goals