Structures: Concrete and Steel

-Manish Rathore
Deputy Director
Structural Analysis

Stress-strain Fundamentals
Sign Convention
Stresses on the Faces
STRESSES ON THE FACES
Body Forces
 Let the intensity of body forces acting on the element in x,
y, z directions be X, Y and Z respectively
 The intensity of body forces are uniform over entire body.
 Hence the total body force in x, y, z direction on the
element will be
 X dx dy dz in x – direction
 Y dx dy dz in y – direction
 Z dx dy dz in z – direction
Equations of Equilibrium
Equations of Equilibrium
Equations of Equilibrium
Strains in an Element
Strains in an Element
Generalised Hook’s Law
Isotropic Materials
Structural Analysis

FEM Basics
Basic Concept
 Most finite element codes are based on the displacement method
 Each structural member can be represented by a stiffness matrix commonly
called as the element stiffness matrix
 The element stiffness matrix depends on the element type and the behavior
 For a single element, you can represent the relationship by the following
equation:
{ P } = [ k ]e { u }
Where
 {P} = known forces applied to the structure
 [ k ]e= the element matrix [ kij ] where each [ kij ] term is
the force of a constraint at coordinate i due to a unit
displacement at j with all other displacements held to zero
 {u} = the displacements vector
 Proper boundary conditions must be applied to the single element model
prior to solving equation
Single Element: With Axial Load
Carrying Capability
 An example of this is a truss member of a bridge connected by pin joints

 For this ROD element

{ P } = [ k ]e { u }

or

where
[k]e = [kij] , the known 2x2 stiffness matrix
{P} = vector of known applied forces
{u} = vector of unknown displacements
Single Element: Applying Boundary
Conditions
 Let’s fix the rod element at the left end as follows

 This is equivalent to removing row 1 and column 1 from

before performing the inverse operation.
Truss Element
Finite Element Simulation of a
Continuous Structure
 For finite element analysis, the complex structure is divided into
a series of separate (finite) elements which, when combined into
an assembly, approximate the behavior of the complex structure
 The complex structure is divided into discrete grid points
connected by elements
 The motion of each grid point may be described by using six
independent degrees of freedom (DOFs). A degree of freedom is
defined as an independent component of translation or rotation
at a grid point.
 The concept of finite element is to approximate this behavior by
discretizing the structure to finite number of degrees of
freedom.
General Analysis Inputs
 Geometry
▪ Location of the nodes
 Element Connectivity
▪ Element type to be used
▪ Element location
 Element Properties
▪ Each element type has a specific list of properties.
 Material Properties
▪ Physical properties such as Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, thermal coefficients of
expansion, material density, etc. need to be provided for the material of interest.
 Boundary Conditions
▪ Proper boundary conditions must be supplied to remove all rigid body motion.
 Loadings
▪ Applied loads
▪ Enforced Displacements
▪ Thermal loads
General Analysis Steps
 Pre-processing
 Geometry modeling
▪ Overall geometry
▪ Meshing
 Element Properties
 Material Properties
 Boundary Conditions
 Load Application
 Running Analysis
 Post-processing
 Viewing results - Displacements, stresses, strains, etc.
General Analysis Steps
 Pre-processing
 Geometry modeling
▪ Overall geometry
▪ Meshing
 Element Properties
 Material Properties
 Boundary Conditions
 Load Application
 Running Analysis
 Post-processing
 Viewing results - Displacements, stresses, strains, etc.
General Analysis Steps
 Pre-processing
 Geometry modeling
▪ Overall geometry
▪ Meshing
 Element Properties
 Material Properties
 Boundary Conditions
 Load Application
 Running Analysis
 Post-processing
 Viewing results - Displacements, stresses, strains, etc.
General Analysis Steps
 Pre-processing
 Geometry modeling
▪ Overall geometry
▪ Meshing
 Element Properties
 Material Properties
 Boundary Conditions
 Load Application
 Running Analysis
 Post-processing
 Viewing results - Displacements, stresses, strains, etc.
General Analysis Steps
 Pre-processing
 Geometry modeling
▪ Overall geometry
▪ Meshing
 Element Properties
 Material Properties
 Boundary Conditions
 Load Application
 Running Analysis
 Post-processing
 Viewing results - Displacements, stresses, strains, etc.
Reinforced Cement Concrete
Structures
Properties of Concrete
 Characteristic strength
 Ordinary concrete : M10 to M20
 Standard concrete : M25 to M55
 High strength concrete: M60 to M80

 Modulus of elasticity
5000√fck (±20%)

 Tensile strength
0.7√fck
Mix Design
 The mix proportions shall be selected to ensure the
workability of the fresh concrete and when concrete is
hardened, it shall have the required strength, durability
and surface finish
 Design mix concrete
 The mix shall be designed to produce the grade of
concrete having the required workability and a
characteristic strength not less than appropriate values.
The target mean strength of concrete mix should be
equal to the characteristic strength plus 1.65 times the
standard deviation.
Nominal Mix Design
 Nominal mix concrete
Nominal Mix Design (By weight)

Mix Design By Weight as per IS 456

Grade Cement Aggregate + aggregate / Sand Aggregrate water
kg sand kg sand ratio kg kg kg
M10 with max aggregate size 10mm 1 9.6 1.5 3.84 5.76 0.68

M10 with max aggregate size 20mm 1 9.6 2.0 3.20 6.40 0.68

M10 with max aggregate size 40mm 1 9.6 2.5 2.74 6.86 0.68

M15 with max aggregate size 10mm 1 6.6 1.5 2.64 3.96 0.64

M15 with max aggregate size 20mm 1 6.6 2.0 2.20 4.40 0.64

M15 with max aggregate size 40mm 1 6.6 2.5 1.89 4.71 0.64

M20 with max aggregate size 10mm 1 5 1.5 2.00 3.00 0.60

M20 with max aggregate size 20mm 1 5 2.0 1.67 3.33 0.60

M20 with max aggregate size 40mm 1 5 2.5 1.43 3.57 0.60
Nominal Mix Design (By volume)

By Volume
Cement Sand Aggregate Water
Bulk Density Grade
lit lit lit lit

Concrete 2.4 kg/lit M10 with max aggregate size 10mm 0.69 2.74 3.60 0.68

cement 1.44 kg/lit M10 with max aggregate size 20mm 0.69 2.29 3.76 0.68

sand 1.4 kg/lit M10 with max aggregate size 40mm 0.69 1.96 3.81 0.68

aggregate 1.6 kg/lit M15 with max aggregate size 10mm 0.69 1.89 2.48 0.64
10mm
aggregate M15 with max aggregate size 20mm 0.69 1.57 2.59 0.64
20mm 1.7 kg/lit
aggregate M15 with max aggregate size 40mm 0.69 1.35 2.62 0.64
1.8 kg/lit
30mm
Note: Bulk densities of all materials M20 with max aggregate size 10mm 0.69 1.43 1.88 0.60
should be worked out at site
M20 with max aggregate size 20mm 0.69 1.19 1.96 0.60

M20 with max aggregate size 40mm 0.69 1.02 1.98 0.60
Nominal Mix Design

For 1 cubic meter Concrete

Grade Cement Sand Aggregate Water Cement Sand Aggregate Water
kg kg kg kg bags lit lit lit
M10 with max aggregate size 10mm 212.8 817.0 1225.5 144.7 4.26 583.59 765.96 144.68

M10 with max aggregate size 20mm 212.8 680.9 1361.7 144.7 4.26 486.32 801.00 144.68

M10 with max aggregate size 40mm 212.8 583.6 1459.0 144.7 4.26 416.85 810.54 144.68

M15 with max aggregate size 10mm 291.3 768.9 1153.4 186.4 5.83 549.24 720.87 186.41

M15 with max aggregate size 20mm 291.3 640.8 1281.6 186.4 5.83 457.70 753.85 186.41

M15 with max aggregate size 40mm 291.3 549.2 1373.1 186.4 5.83 392.31 762.83 186.41

M20 with max aggregate size 10mm 363.6 727.3 1090.9 218.2 7.27 519.48 681.82 218.18

M20 with max aggregate size 20mm 363.6 606.1 1212.1 218.2 7.27 432.90 713.01 218.18

M20 with max aggregate size 40mm 363.6 519.5 1298.7 218.2 7.27 371.06 721.50 218.18
General Design Considerations

 Aim of design
 The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable
probability that structures being designed will perform
satisfactorily during their intended life. With an
appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain all the
loads and deformations of normal construction and use
and have adequate durability and adequate resistance
to the effects of misuse and fire.
 Methods of design
 Limit state method
 Working stress method
 Design based on experimental basis
General Design Considerations

 Effective span
 Simply supported beam/slab:
▪ Clear span + d/2 OR c/c of spans (whichever is less)
 Continuous beam
▪ If support width < span/12
▪ Clear span + d/2 OR c/c of spans (whichever is less)
▪ Else
▪ Clear span for one fixed and other continuous ends
▪ Clear span + d/2 for one free and other continuous ends
 Cantilever
▪ Distance from face to support
▪ Distance from face to center of support for end of continuous beam
 Frames
▪ Center to center of supports
General Design Considerations

 Effective depth
 Distance between the centroid of the area of tension
reinforcement and the maximum compression fiber
 Thickness of finishing material is excluded
 Deflection control : Decided by span to depth ratio

Beam type Span upto 10m Span > 10m

Make exact
Cantilever 7 calculations
Simply supported 20 20 x 10/span

Continuous 26 26 x 10/span

Above values to be modified depending upon tension and compression reinforcement

Clear Cover
Partial Safety Factors
Design for Flexure
Area of stress block
0.36 fck.xu

Depth of centre of
compressive force
from the extreme
fibre in compression
0.42 xu
Design for Flexure
The maximum strain in the tension
reinforcement in the section at failure
shall not be less than fy/1.15Es+0.002
Design for Compression
 Short columns with compression only

Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Ac

 Short columns with biaxial bending

(Mux/Mux1)αn + (Muy/Muy1)αn ≤ 1.0

Design for Compression
 Slender compression members: Additional Max and May
shall be applied in addition to existing moments:
Max = (PuD/2000).(lex/D)2
May = (Pub/2000).(ley/b)2
Design for Shear
Steel Structures
Structural Steel
 Yield Stress: Depends on steel type
 250, 415, 500 N/mm2 (MPa)
 Unit mass of steel
 r = 7850 kg/m3
 Modulus of elasticity
 E = 2.0 x 105 N/mm2 (MPa)
 Poisson ratio
 m = 0.3
 Modulus of rigidity
 G = 0.769 x 105 N/mm2 (MPa)
 Co-efficient of thermal expansion
 at= 12 x 10-6 /0c
Sections Available Commercially
Connections - Rivets
Connections - Bolts
Connections - Welds
Limit State Design
 Steel structures are to be designed and constructed to satisfy
the design requirements with regard to stability, strength,
serviceability, brittle fracture, fatigue, fire, and durability such
that they meet the following:
 Remain fit with adequate reliability and be able to sustain all
actions (loads) and other influences experienced during
construction and use;
 Have adequate durability under normal maintenance;
 Do not suffer overall damage or collapse under accidental
events like explosions, vehicle impact or due to
consequences of human error to an extent beyond local
damage.
Limit State Design
 Limit state of strength
 Loss of stability of the structure (including the effect of sway where appropriate
and overturning) or any of its parts including supports and foundations
 Failure by excessive deformation, rupture of the structure or any of its parts or
components
 Fracture due to fatigue
 Brittle fracture.

 Limit state of serviceability

 Deformation and deflections
 Vibrations in the structure
 Repairable damage or crack due to fatigue
 Corrosion, durability
 Fire.
Load Safety Factor
Material Safety Factor
Limit State Design
 Design for tension: gm for failure in tension by yielding

 Design for rupture: gm for failure at ultimate stress

 Design for compression: design stress depends on yield stress, cross

section and slenderness ratio

 Design for flexure: design stress depends on yield stress, lateral

support and effective length

 Design for shear: gm for failure in shear by yielding, also check for shear
web buckling

 Design for combination of above conditions

Advanced Topics
 Fatigue
 Design assisted by testing
 Durability
 Fire resistance
 Design for vibrations
 Fabrication
 Procedures
 Assembly
 Riveting / bolting / welding
 Machining
 Painting
Few Questions…
Thank You