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d z
yz [4.1-1] also
dy
Newton’s law of viscosity [1.1-2]
dT
q y k Fourier’s law of conduction
dy [4.1-2] also
[2.1-2]
dwA
j Ay DA Fick’s law of diffution
dy [4.1-3] also
[3.1-1] 1
The three basic laws share the same form as follows:
Flux of gradient of
proportonal
transport cons tan t transport
property [4.1-4]
property
Or
d
j y [4.1-5]
dy
The three-dimensional forms of these basic laws are summarized in Table 4.1-1.
For constant physical properties, Eqs. [4.1-1] through [4.1-3] can be written
as follows: d
yz ( vz ) [4.1-6]
dy 2
d
q y ( CvT ) [4.1-7]
dy
d
j Ay DA ( A ) [4.1-8]
dy
These equations share the same form listed as follows:
Flux of diffusivity gradient of
transport
of transport transport property
[4.1-9]
property property concentration
In other words, , , and DA are the diffusivities of momentum, heat, and mass,
respectively, and vZ, CvT, and A are the concentration of z momentum, thermal
energy, and species mass, respectively.
Fig. 4.1-2 shows the transfer of z momentum, heat, and species A from an
interface, where they are more abundant, to an adjacent fluid, and from an adjacent
fluid, where they are more abundant, to an interface. The coefficients of transfer,
according to Eqs. [1.1-35], [2.1-14], and [3.1-21], are defined as follows:
3
yz y 0 (vz / y ) y 0 (momentum
C
'
f transfer coefficient)
[4.1-10]
v z 0 v z 0 v
4
qy y 0 k (T / y ) y 0
h (heat transfer coefficient )
T0 T T0 T [4.1-11]
j Ay y 0 DA (wA / y ) y 0
km (mass transfer coefficient) [4.1-12]
wA0 wA wA0 wA
As mentioned in Sec. 3.1.6, Eq. [4.1-12] is for low solubility of species A in the fluid.
These coefficients share the same form listed as follows:
The analogous behavior of momentum, heat, and mass transfer is apparent from
Examples 1.4-6, 2.2-5, and 3.2-4, where laminar flow over a flat plate was considered.
From Eqs. [1.4-67], [2.2-71], and [3.2-56], at a distance z from the leading edge of the
plate,
C fz
0.323Re z (1 2) [4.1-16]
2
hz
0.323Pr1 3 Re z1 2 [4.1-17]
k
km z
0.323Sc1 3 Re z1 2 [4.1-18]
DA
where
z
Re z (local Reynolds number) [4.1-19]
v Cp
Pr (Prandtl number) [4.1-20]
k
v
Sc (Schmidt number) [4.1-21]
D A DA
6
and υ∞ is the velocity of the fluid approaching the flat plate.
Equations [4.1-16] through [4.1-18] can be rearranged as follows
C fz
0.323Re z (1 2) [4.1-22]
2
hz 1
Pr 2 3 0.323Re z (1 2) [4.1-23]
k Pr Re
km z 1
Sc 2 3 0.323Re z1 2 [4.1-24]
DA Sc Re z
C fz h km 2 3
Pr
23
Sc [4.1-26]
2 C p
7
This equation, known as the Chilton-Colburn analogy,1 is ofen written as follows
C fz [4.1-27]
jH j D
2
h
jH Pr 2 / 3 [4.1-28]
v C p
km 2 / 3
jD Sc [4.1-29]
v
8
The Chilton –Colburn analogy for momentum, heat and mass transfer has been
derived here on the basis of laminar flow over a flat plate. However, it has been
observed to be a reasonable approximation in laminar and turbulent flow in
systems of other geometries provided no form drag is present . From drag, which
has no counterpart in heat and mass transfer, makes Cf/2 greater than jH and jD, for
example, in flow around (normal to) cylinders. However, when form drag is
present, the Chilton –Colburn analogy between heat and mass transfer can still be
valid, that is,
jH jD [4.1-30]
or
h km 2 / 3
Pr
2/3
Sc [4.1-31]
v C p v
These equations are considered valid for liquid and gases within the ranges
0.6 < Sc < 2500 and 0.6 < Pr < 100 . They have been observed to be a reasonable
approximation for various geometries, such as flow over flat plates, flow around
cylinders, and flow in pipes.
9
The Chilton –Colburn analogy is useful in that it allows one unknown transfer coeffi
cient to be evaluated from another transfer coefficient which is known or measured in
the same geometry. For example, by use Eq. [4.1-26] the mass transfer coefficient km
(for low solubility of species A in the fluid) can be estimated from a heat transfer coeffi
cient h already measured for the same geometry.
It is worth mentioning that for the limiting case of Pr=1, we see that from Eq.[4.1-2
6]
C fz h
[4.1-32]
2 C p
10
4.1.4 Integral-Balance Equations
t
vd ( vv n)dA ndA ( f b p )d
A A
[4.1-33]
(momentum transfer)
t
CvTd ( vCvT ) ndA q ndA sd
A A [4.1-34]
(heat transfer)
t
wA ( vwA ) ndA j A ndA rA d
A A [4.1-35]
(species transfer)
11
In Eq. [4.1-33] the pressure term has been converted from a surface integral to
a volume integral using a Gauss divergence type theorem (i.e., Eq. [A.4-2]). Furth
ermore, the body force fb and pressure gradient pbe considered as the rate
can
of momentum generation due to these force. In Eq. [4.1-34] the kinetic and potenti
al energy, and the pressure, viscous, and shaft work are not included since they a
re either negligible or irrelevant in most materials processing problems. In Eq. [4.
1-35] ρwA= ρA .
These integral balance equations share the same form as follows:
or
t
( v ) ndA j ndA s d
A A [4.1-37]
12
These equations are summarized in Table 4.1-2. The following integral mass-
balance equation ,Eq.[1.2-4], is also included in the table:
t
dΩ ( v ) ndA
A
[4.1-38]
13
4.1.5 Overall Balance Equations
The overall balance equations for momentum, heat, and species transfer
according to Eqs.[1.4-9], [2.2-8], and [3.2-7], respectively, are as follows
dP [4.1.-39]
(mv )in (mv )out Fv (Fp Fb ) (momentum transfer)
dt
dE T
(mCvT )in (mCvT )out Q S (heat transfer) [4.1-
dt 40]
In Eq.[4.1-39] the viscous force Fv at the wall can be considered as the rate
of momentum transfer through the wall by molecular diffusion. The pressure for
ce Fp and the body force Fb , on the other hand, can be considered as the rate
of momentum generation due to the action of these forces. In Eq.[4.1-40 ] Q is
by conduction, which is similar to diffusion.
The above equations are summarized in Table 4.1-3. The following overall mas
s balance equation (i.e. Eq [1.2-6]), is also included in the table
dM
=(m)in ( m)out [4.1-
dt 45]
15
16
4.1.6 Differential Balance Equations
18
19
Example
20