PHASE SHIFT KEYING

DIGITAL MODULATION

Jefferson Cabilin
Reggie Coquilla
Digital Modulation
- is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals
(carriers) between two or more points in
communications system. It is sometimes called ‘digital
radio’.
- digital transmission involves many different
modulation techniques.

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 Digital Modulation Techniques

Amplitude Shift Frequency Shift Quadrature Amplitude Amplitude Shift

Keying Keying Modulation Keying

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What is PSK?

a digital modulation process

which conveys data by
changing (modulating) the
phase of a constant
frequency reference signal
(the carrier wave).

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PSK Block Diagram

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PSK Block Diagram

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PSK
Forms

Binary Phase Shift Keying

(BPSK)

Differential/Delta Phase Shift

Keying (DPSK)

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

(QPSK or 4-PSK)

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BPSK

Click icon to add picture

the simplest the phase of the Phase

output carrier
form where shifts between
Reversal
N =1 and M =2 two angles that Keying
are separated by
180 degrees.
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BPSK Modulated Waveform

Phase
Reversal
Keying

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 BPSK

Sample Problem:
For a BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency of 50MHz and an input bit rate of 20Mbps, determine the maximum
and minimum upper and lower side frequencies. Calculate the baud rate.

Solution:
Minimum lower side frequency (LSF):
LSF = reference carrier freq (fc) - max frequency of binary input (fa)
= 50MHz – 10MHz = 40 MHz
Maximum upper side frequency (USF):
USF = fc + fa
= 50MHz + 10MHz = 60 MHz

Baud Rate:
baud (S) = fb /N, N – number of bits encoded into each signaling element
= 20MHz/1 = 20 Mbaud
Or 10
S = 60 MHz – 40 MHz = 20 Mbaud
BPSK Modulator (Balanced)

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DPSK

Click icon to add picture

The phase of The original binary bit The speed of data
each symbol is stream must undergo what transmission is
is known as differential
compared with phase encoding.
limited in a given
that of the Processing the serial bit bandwidth.
previous symbol stream through an inverted
rather than with a exclusive OR circuit then
constant applied to a 1-bit delay
reference. circuit then back to the 12

input.
DPSK Modulator

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DPSK Modulator

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QPSK and /4 QPSK

Click icon to add picture

N=2 and M=4. Dibit system – can Linearity reduction
Where each carry twice as much as (for /4 QPSK)
symbol represents data in the same
two bits and the bandwidth.
bit rate is twice
the baud rate.
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DPSK and /4 QPSK

Phase Shift Symbol

0º 00
+90º 01
-90 (270) º 10
180º 11
Phase Shift Symbol
45º 00
135º 01
-45 º 10
-135º 11

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DPSK and /4 QPSK

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 APPLICATION

• The wireless LAN standard (IEEE 802.11b-1999) uses a variety of different PSKs depending on the
data rate required.

Basic rate of 1Mbit/s ------------------------------------------------------- DBPSK

Extended rate of 2Mbit/s ------------------------------------------------------- DQPSK
5.5Mbit/s to full rate 11Mbit/s ------------------------------------------------------- QPSK

• BPSK is appropriate for low-cost passive transmitters and is used in RFID standards due to its
simplicity.
• Bluetooth 2 uses /4-DQPSK at its lower rate of 2Mbit/s and 8-DPsk at its higher rate of 3Mbit/s
• QPSK and 8-PSK are widely used in satellite broadcasting.
• QPSK is still widely used in the streaming of some HD channels.
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THE TEAM

August Bergquist Allan Matson

Manager Key employee

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BUSINESS RATIOS

FINANCIAL RATIOS YR1 YR2 YR3 LIQUIDITY RATIOS YR1 YR2 YR3
Profit Margin 12.07% 14.95% 17.66%
ACID Test 2.34 3.66 6.67
Assets to Liabilities 2.83 4.24 7.44

Equity to Liabilities 1.83 3.24 6.44

Cash to Assets 0.83 0.86 0.90
Assets to Equity 1.55 1.31 1.16

Success Ratios
20% 7
6
15% 5
4
10%
3
5% 2
1
0% 0
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

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MAJOR
COMPETITORS
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a magna ut eleifend.

Heading 2
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elit. Etiam aliquet eu mi quis lacinia. Ut fermentum
a magna ut eleifend. Integer convallis suscipit ante
eu varius. Morbi a purus dolor.

Heading 3
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elit. Etiam aliquet eu mi quis lacinia. Ut fermentum
a magna ut eleifend. Integer convallis suscipit ante
eu varius. Morbi a purus dolor.

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REQUIRED FUNDING

OTHER INVESTMENT DEBT INVESTOR

$55,000 - $100,000 –
21% 39%

BANK OWNER EQUITY

$50,000 - $50,000 –
20% 20%
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USE OF FUNDS: Fixed Startup Expenses
MISCELLANEOUS COSTS INITIAL LEASE PAYMENT

$8% 3%
LEASE DEPOSIT
WEBSITE DEVELOPMENT

$2% 1%
FF&E
WORKING CAPITAL
24%
28%
IMPROVEMENTS
MARKETING
20%
4%
PROFESSIONAL
EQUIPMENT BUSINESS INSURANCE

X% 2%
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THANK YOU!
Mirjam Nilsson
nilsson@example.com
678-555-0100