Lesson 8 – The Global City

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If you are given a chance

to go or stay permanently
where would you go?

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These are just examples of global cities. Not all

have been to a global city, but most know about
them. Their influences extend to one's
imagination.
what are why are
these they
how they are important?
places? relevant to
people?

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Why Study Global
Cities ?
• Globalization is spatial because it occurs in global
spaces.

• Can be seen when foreign investments and capital move

through a city, and when companies build skyscrapers.

• People who work in these businesses start to purchase or

rent high-rise condominium units and better houses.

• More poor people are driven out of city centers to make

new developments.

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Why Study Global Cities ? 5

“
Globalization is spatial because what makes it
move is the fact that it is based in places.

 Los Angeles, Home of Hollywood

 Tokyo, main headquarters of Sony

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Why Study Global Cities ?
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In the coming years, more and more people

will experience globalization.

In the 1950, 30% of the world lives in urban

areas
2014, the number increased to 54%

By 2050, estimated - global cities will increase

to 66%

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Defining global city

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Defining global city
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Saskia Sassen

• Popularized the term “global

city”

• In the 1990s, her criteria for what

constitutes a global city is
primarily economic.

• New York, London, and TokyoEDUCATION FOR A FAST CHANGING WORLD

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Homes of the world's top stock

exchange
• New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)

• Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE)

• Nikkei

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Limiting the discussion to these three
cities prove to be more restrictive.

Recent commentators have expanded

the criteria Sassen used

 Considers Los Angeles, a movie

making mecca and can now rival
New York's cultural influence

 San Francisco, home of the most

powerful internet companies -
Facebook, Twitter, and Google

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• Others consider something “global” > great

living places like Sydney, Australia.

• Defining a global city is difficult, a better

question to ask whether a city is global or not
is
“In what ways they are global cities?”
“To what extent are they global?”

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Indicators for Globality

Economic Power

Sassen remains New York has the largest China as the

correct in saying that stock market manufacturing
economic power center of the
largely determines Tokyo houses are more
which cities are corporate headquarters world
global.

Economic opportunities also makes it attractive

to the talents from across the world.

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To measure the economic competitiveness, the

Economic Intelligence Unit has added other criteria
like:

 market size

 purchasing power of the citizens

 size of the middle class

 potential for growth

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Authority
• Washington D.C. seat of the American State
Power
• Canberra, a sleepy town but Australia’s political
capital

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Authority
Cities that house major international
organizations also be considered as centers of
political influence

United Nations (New York)

European Union (Brussels)
ASEAN (Jakarta)

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Higher Learning and Culture

A city's intellectual influence can be seen through
the influence of its publishing industries

• New York, London, Paris

• New York Times
• Harvard University in Boston

AUSTRALIA'S THIRD LARGEST EXPORTS EDUCATION

In 2015, the Australian government reported that it made as

much as 19.2 billion Australian dollars ( roughly 14 billion US
dollars).
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Los Angeles, center of American Film Industry.

Copenhagen, capital of Denmark, one of the culinary capitals of the world,

birthplace of New Nordic cuisine.

Manchester, England known for its post-punk and New Wave bands like Joy
Division, the Smiths, the Happy Mondays.

Singapore, becoming a cultural hub of Southeast Asia.

Global cities are now more culturally diverse, an example is having different
type of cuisines from different parts of the world in its vicinity.

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The Challenges of Global
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Cities
Global cities conjured There are also
up images of fast- undersides like
paced, exciting, their place is a
cosmopolitan great sites of
lifestyles but such inequality, poverty
descriptions are and violence. Like
lacking. how globalization
works, global cities
also have winners
and losers.
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Pathologies of the global cities based on the

research of Chicago Council on Global Affairs

Cities can be sustainable because of their density.

As Florida notes: “Ecologists have found that by

concentrating their populations in smaller areas,
cities and metros decrease human encroachment
on natural habitats. Denser settlement patterns
yield energy savings; apartment buildings, for
example, are more efficient to heat and cool than
detached suburban houses.” EDUCATION FOR A FAST CHANGING WORLD
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Los Angeles are urban sprawls, with massive freeways that
force residents to spend money on cars and gas.

Manila, Bangkok, and Mumbai are dense however the lack of

public transportation, and government's inability to regulate
the car industries have made them extremely polluted.

Sheer size of city populations across the world, urban areas

consume the most of world's energy.

Cities only cover 2% of the world's landmass but consumes

the 78% of global energy.

Cutting of carbon emissions may affect food travel.

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An example solution is vertical farming

• Planting in abandoned buildings of cities,

more food can be grown in denser spaces
with lesser water, cities will be greener.

Terrorist Attacks

• Major terror attacks of recent years have

also targeted cities

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• 9/11 attacks that brought down the twin towers

of the World Trade Center in New York.

• In November 2015, coordinated attacks in

Paris by Islamic State of Iraq and Levant
(ISIL) .

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The Global City and the Poor

• Economic globalization has paved way for massive
inequality this is more pronounced in cities.

• An example is in Manila, it is common to find gleaming

buildings, alongside massive shantytowns. This duality may
even be seen in rich, urban cities

• Gentrification - driving out the poor in favor of the newer,

wealthier residents

• Banlieue - Poor Muslims that are forced out of Paris and

have clustered around ethnic enclaves.
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• The middle class is also thinning out.

• Globalization creates high-income jobs and

this creates a demand for unskilled labor force.

• Middle-income jobs are moving to other

countries.

• Hollowing out of the middle class on global

cities has heightened the inequality among
them.
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“A large global city

may thus be paradise
for some but a
purgatory for others.”

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Thank
you.

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