POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION

by ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at Austin

UNIT 1

1 Introduction to
Physiology

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION

DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN

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About this Chapter
 Definition of physiology
 Review of organ systems
 Function and process
 Introduction to homeostasis
 Ideas in physiology
 Themes in physiology
 The science of physiology
 Discussion of scientific literature

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Levels of Organization
 Physiology defined
 Study of the functions and processes of living
organisms
 Organization of life
 The cell is the unit of life
 Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms

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Levels of Organization

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Organ Systems in Review
 Integumentary
 Musculoskeletal
 Respiratory
 Digestive
 Reproductive and Urinary
 Circulatory
 Nervous and Endocrine
 Immune

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Organ Systems in Review
The integration between systems of the body

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Function versus Process
 Function explains the “why”
 Teleological approach
 Process or mechanism describes the “how”
 Mechanistic approach
 Red blood cell example

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Homeostasis
 Environmental balance
 External
 Internal
 Cell
 Intracellular fluid
 Extracellular fluid

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Homeostasis
Relationships between an organism’s internal and
external environments

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Homeostasis and Controls
 External or internal change
 Physiological attempt to correct
 Sensors, integrating center
 Response of cells and organs
 Loss of homeostasis

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Homeostasis and Controls
 Successful compensation
 Homeostasis reestablished
 Failure to compensate
 Pathophysiology
 Illness
 Death

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Homeostasis and Controls

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Current Thought in Physiology
 Genomics to proteomics
 The Human Genome Project
 The Physiome Project
 Challenges of an integrative science
 Levels of organization
 Multi-component systems
 Emergent properties
 Tools
 Concept mapping

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Concept Mapping
 Structure and function
 Integration across
 Cells, tissues, and organs
 Flow charts
 Follow process in sequence

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Concept Mapping: Types of Maps

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Concept Mapping: Types of Maps

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Themes in Physiology
 Homeostasis and control systems
 Biological energy
 Structure-function relationships
 Molecular interactions
 Compartmentation
 Mechanical properties
 Communication

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Themes in Physiology
A simple control system

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Scientific Inquiry and Knowledge
 Observation and experimentation
 Hypothesis
 Variables, controls, and data
 Replication
 Theories and models

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Human Experiments
 Difficult to interpret results
 Genetic variables
 Placebo effect
 Nocebo effect
 Ethics

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Formats of Experimental Design
 Crossover studies
 Blind studies
 Double-blind studies
 Double-blind crossover studies

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Time Duration of Experiments
 Longitudinal studies
 Prospective studies
 Cross-sectional studies
 Retrospective studies
 Meta-analysis

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Representing Data
Graphs: X- and Y-Axes

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Representing Data
Graphs: Bar

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Representing Data
Graphs: Histogram

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Representing Data
Graphs: Line and Interpolation

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Representing Data
Graphs: Scatter Plot and “Best Fit” Line

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Scientific Literature
 Books
 Journals
 Peer-reviewed
 Review articles
 Internet
 Google
 Google Scholar

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Summary
 Organ systems
 Structures and functions
 Homeostatic balance
 Integrative science
 Four key themes
 Experimental designs
 Data representation
 Scientific literature

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