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Four
Building
Competitive
Advantage
Through
Functional-
Level Strategy
“If you want truly to
understand something,
try to change it.” - Kurt
Lewin
“There is nothing more
difficult, nor dangerous,
nor doubtful of success
than to institute a new
order of things.” - Machiavelli
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Functional-Level Strategies
Functional-level strategies are
strategies aimed at improving the
effectiveness of a company’s operations.
Innovation can:
• Result in new products that satisfy
customer needs better
• Improve the quality of existing products
• Reduce costs
Innovation can be imitated -
So it must be continuous
Successful new product launches are
major drivers of superior profitability.
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The High Failure Rate
of Innovation
Failure rate of innovative new products is high
with evidence suggesting that only 10 to 20% of major
R&D projects give rise to a commercially viable product.
Most common explanations for failure:
Uncertainty
• Quantum innovation – radical departure with higher risk
• Incremental innovation – extension of existing technology
Poor commercialization
• Definite demand for product
• Product not well adapted to customer needs
Poor positioning strategy
• Good product but poorly positioned in the marketplace
Technological myopia
• Technological “wizardry” vs. meeting market requirements
Slow to market
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Building Competencies in
Innovation
Companies can take a number of steps to build
competencies in innovation and reduce failures:
1. Building skills in basic and applied research
2. Project selection and management
Using the product development funnel
» Idea generation » Project refinement » Project execution
3. Achieving cross-functional integration
1. Driven by customer needs 2. Design for manufacturing
3. Track development costs 4. Minimize time-to-market
5. Close integration between R&D & marketing
4. Using product development teams
5. Partly-parallel development process
To compress development time & time-to-market
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The Development Funnel
Figure 4.7
Reduced
Reduced
development
development time
time
& time-to-market
& time-to-market
1. Top management must bear primary responsibility for overseeing the whole
development process.
2. The effectiveness of R&D in developing new products and processes depends
on its ability to cooperate with marketing and production.
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