Introduction

 In bearings and gears the objective was to minimize friction, for brakes and clutches
the objective is to maximize friction and minimize wear.
 Brakes and clutches are machine elements that have the functions of storing or
transferring mainly rotating energy, converting it into heat and dissipating it.
Brake or Clutch
With 1 as input
• 2 = 0 for Brake
• 2 = 1 for Clutch

Types: Fig. From Hamrock’s book Rim type internal

expanding shoe

Disk or axial type

Rim type external
expanding shoe

Cone Type
Band type

Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Neçar Merah 2

 Analysis
During the operation slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different
speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise.
The objective of the analysis is to estimate :
1. The actuating force and transmitted torque
 A problem in statics : Separate Study for each geometric configuration
2. Temperature Rise
 Related to energy loss depending on geometry of heat-dissipating surfaces
 Can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch,

Static Analysis Steps for Brake and Clutch :

Many types of clutches and brakes can be analyzed by following a general procedure
through the following tasks:
1. Estimate, model, or measure the pressure distribution on the friction surfaces.
2. Find a relationship between the largest pressure and the pressure at any point.
3. Use the conditions of static equilibrium to find the braking force or torque and the
support reactions.
Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 3
 Short Shoe Brake (door stopper)
 The stop is hinged at pin A Ry
Rx
 The relative motion is in horizontal
direction A
 An actuating force F is applied to engage the
brake
 The pressure distribution on the friction pad
is p(u)
a
 u is the position taken from right end of
the pad (i.e. point C)
 The pressure center has positionu
 A similar distribution of the shearing
frictional traction fp(u) would occur F
(not shown). f is the coefficient of b
friction
Friction Pad
 The net force N will be acting on
C B
through the center of pressure p(u) Relative Motion
 The support reactions would be Rx and Ry N u c
u
 The equilibrium configuration is described Center of
pressure
through parameters a, b and c
Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 4
 Short Shoe Brake (door stopper)
Ry
For a variable pressure distribution p(u)
w1 Rx
The net force N is: N   p (u ) w2 du A
0
The moment at point C due to N is:
w1 w1

 p (u) u w du  w  p (u) u du
0
2 2
0

The support reactions can be found using equilibrium equations: a

w1

Rx   w2  f p (u ) du
0

Rx sign will be in the direction of relative motion

w1
F
Ry  F  w2  p (u ) du b
0
F can be obtained
w
by summing moments
w
at A: Friction Pad
1 1
B
M A  F b  w2  p (u )(c  u )d u  a f w2  p (u )d u  0 p(u)
C
Relative Motion
0 0
w2  1
w w1
 N u c
F    p (u )(c  u )d u a f  p (u ) d u  Center of u
b 0 0  pressure

Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 5

 Short Shoe Brake (door stopper)
Ry
For a uniform pressure distribution pav
w1 Rx
The net force N is: N   p (u ) w2 du  pav w1 w2 A
0
The moment at point C due to N is:
w1 w1

 p (u) u w du  w  p (u) u du
0
2 2
0
 pav w1w2u

The support reactions can be found using equilibrium equations: a

w1

Rx   w2  f p (u ) du   f pav w1 w2 u
0

Rx sign will be in the direction of relative motion

w1
F
Ry  F  w2  p (u ) du  F  pav w1 w2 b
0
F can be obtained by summing moments at A: Friction Pad
B
 M A  F b  pav w1 w2 (c  u )  a f pav w1 w2  0 pav
C
Relative Motion
ww  for f  N 
F  pav 1 2  (c  u ) a f  Note : 
u c
Center of u
b  for f  N  pressure

Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 6

 Self Acting or Self Energizing Condition
 Consider the relative motion in leftward direction: Ry
Rx
 The friction force would act in rightward direction
 The moment due to the friction force at point A A
would be in clockwise direction which would
support set the brake
 The situation is called Self-energizing
 Similarly the rightward relative motion would resist
setting the brake and the situation is called Self-de a

energizing
 A critical value of frictional coefficient fcr can be
obtained that would result in no need for
external actuating force i.e.; F  0. F
w1w2 b
pav  (c  u )  a f cr   0   (c  u )  a f cr   0
b Friction Pad
Since f can only be +ve; therefore above fN C B
Relative Motion
condition would be possible only for u
cu N c
f cr 
a
Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 7
 Example 16-1

rightward

Given: a = 100 mm, b = 50 mm, c = 40 mm, w1 = 25 mm, Ry

w2 = 18 mm, F = 45 N, f = 0.4, p(u) = pav Reqd: Rx , Ry , pav , pa
Solution: Rx

c
fN
N
Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 8
 Example 16-1
Given: a = 4 mm, b = 50 mm, c = 40 mm, w1 = 25 mm, w2 = 18 mm, F = 45 N, f =
0.4, p(u) = pReqd:
av
Rx , Ry , pav , pa
Solution (Continued):

Ry

The normal force N on the pad is: Rx

N = F − Ry = 45 − 20.7 = 24.3 N, upward.
The line of action is through the center of pressure, which is at
the center of the pad. a
The friction force is f N = 0.4(24.3) = 9.7 N directed to the left.
A check of the moments about pin support gives: b

c
fN
N
Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 9
 Example 16-1
leftward
Given: a = 4 mm, b = 50 mm, c = 40 mm, w1 = 25 mm, w2 = 18 mm, F = 45 N, f =
0.4, p(u) = pReqd:
av
Rx , Ry , pav , pa
Solution:
Ry

Rx

c
fN

Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 10

 Example 16-1
Given: a = 4 mm, b = 50 mm, c = 40 mm, w1 = 25 mm, w2 = 18 mm, F = 45 N, f =
0.4, p(u) = pReqd:
av
Rx , Ry , pav , pa

Solution (Continued):
The normal force N on the pad is: Ry
N = F − Ry = 45 + 135 = 180 N, upward.
Rx
The friction force is:
f N = 0.4(180) = 72 N directed to the right.

A check of the moments about pin support a

gives
b

c
fN

Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 11

 Example 16-1

Leftward
relative motion Rightward
relative motion

 The average pressure is:  The average pressure is:

pav, = 0.4 MPa. pav, = 0.05 MPa.

 The leftward relative motion is self energizing,

Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 12

 Example 16-1
(c)Model the normal pressure to be the “crush” of the pad, much as if it were
composed of many small helical coil springs. Find Rx , Ry , pav, and pa for
rightward relative movement of the floor and other conditions as in part a.
Given: a = 4 mm, b = 50 mm, c = 40 mm, w1 = 25 mm, w2 = 18
mm, F = 45 N, f = 0.4, p(u) = pav Reqd: Rx , Ry , pav , pa
Solution: F
w1 c

y2 y1
∆ϕ
F F F
y1 y1 y2 y1

Uniform pressure Non-uniform pressure

We model the deformation of the pad for From similar triangles,
counter clockwiseas rotation of doorstop by y1/c = y2/ (c + w1) = ∆ϕ
an angle ∆ϕ, the right and left edges of the Therefore:
pad will deform down y1 and y2, y1 =c ∆ϕ and y2 =(c + w1) ∆ϕ
respectively So p2 > p1 with linear variation.
Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 13
 Example 16-1
(c)Model the normal pressure to be the “crush” of the pad, much as if it were
composed of many small helical coil springs. Find Rx , Ry , pav, and pa for
rightward relative movement of the floor and other conditions as in part a.
Given: a = 4 mm, b = 50 mm, c = 40 mm, w1 = 25 mm, w2 = 18
mm, F = 45 N, f = 0.4, p(u) = pav Reqd: Rx , Ry , pav , pa
Solution: F
w1 c
 p  p 
p (u )   2 1  u  p1
 w1  p2 p1
∆ϕ
The pressure at any point will be directly
proportional to the corresponding deflection p(u)
u
therefore:
p  y  p  C  c  C c similarly p  C  c  u 
1 1 1 2 2 2

It is important to note that ∆ϕ is considered here as an arbitrary constant depending on

F value. Therefore C2 is a constant that depends on material properties of the frictional
pad as well as applied actuating load.
Inserting p1 and p2 values and simplifying gives: p (u )  C2  c  u 

Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 14

 Example 16-1
rightward

Given: a = 4 mm, b = 50 mm, c = 40 mm, w1 = 25 mm, w2 = 18

mm, F = 45 N, f = 0.4, p(u) = pav Reqd: Rx , Ry , pav , pa
Solution:
w2  1 
w w1

F    p (u )(c  u)d u  a f  p (u ) d u  for rightward relative motion

b 0 0 

Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 15

 Example 16-1
rightward

Given: a = 4 mm, b = 50 mm, c = 40 mm, w1 = 25 mm, w2 = 18

mm, F = 45 N, f = 0.4, p(u) = pav Reqd: Rx , Ry , pav , pa
Solution:

Now

N = pavw1w2=0.07(25)(18)=31.5 N

f N = 0.4(31.5) = 12.6 N
Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 16
 Example 16-1

Uniform Pressure Non-uniform

Pressure
pav, = 0.05 MPa. pmax, = 0.07 MPa.
pav, = 0.09 MPa.

Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 17

 Example 16-1
leftward
Given: a = 4 mm, b = 50 mm, c = 40 mm, w1 = 25 mm, w2 = 18
mm, F = 45 N, f = 0.4, p(u) = pav Reqd: f >fcr
Solution:
c  u So we need to find the location of pressure
f cr  F
a center, i.e. the centroid of the trapezoid
w1 c
cx= p1
p2 ∆ϕ
cy= p(u)
u
For our case a = p1, b=p2, c = p2-p1 That gives u  15.5 mm w1
p2 p1
> f = 0.4

Lecture Notes ME308 Dr. Sulaiman Pashah 18