Articles

a, an, the

• A and An means one • a  used for singular

• used with countable nouns begin with a
nouns consonant sound
• used to talk about just • a lion a boat
one member in that • an used for singular
group nouns that begin with a
vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u)
• an owl an arrow
Singular and Plural Nouns

1. adding ‘s’ 2. adding ‘es’

eraser – erasers        box – boxes
vase – vases tomato – tomatoes 
house – houses torch – torches
tree – trees brush – brushes
day – days                glass – glasses 
umbrella – umbrellas fox – foxes
key – keys potato – potatoes     
Singular and Plural Nouns
3. Changing ‘y’ to ‘ies’
baby – babies ferry - ferries
lorry – lorries cherry - cherries
dairy – dairies story – stories

4. Changing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ to ‘ves’

calf – calves                                   shelf – shelves 
knife – knives                                wife – wives 
leaf – leaves                                  loaf – loaves
 Singular and Plural Nouns

5. Changing the vowels for irregular nouns

tooth – teeth louse - lice
foot – feet mouse - mice
goose – geese woman – women

6. Irregular plurals
child – children ox – oxen
cactus – cacti
 SINGULAR AND PLURAL
• Some singular and plural nouns have the same form
• E.g.
one sheep – many sheep
one deer – many deer
one fish – many fish
Personal Pronouns
Nouns Pronouns Pronouns
(as subject) (as object)
- I me
Maria She her
Azhan He him
- You you
The cat It it
(The chair)
Personal Pronouns

Nouns Pronouns Pronouns

(as subject) (as object)
Maria and They them
Azhan
The boys/ girls They them
The trees/  They them
the cats
Maria and I We us
Pronouns

Possessives Possessive Reflexive

adjective pronoun pronoun
My mine. myself
His his. himself
her hers. herself
Its - itself
Pronouns
Possessives Possessive Reflexive
adjective pronoun pronoun
Your yours yourselves

Our ours ourselves

Their theirs themselves

Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative Number What it points to
pronoun

This Singular A person or thing that is

near us
These Plural Two or more people or
things that are near us
That Singular A person or thing that is
far away
Those Plural Two or more people or
things that are far away
Prepositions
Preposition are used to show in the cage
position. on the table
under the chair
beside the road
lean against the wall
among the bushes
at the bus stop
between the houses
in front of the class
below the fan
Prepositions
Prepositions of to the car
Direction~ from the park
up the hill
down the stairs
across the bridge
over the fence
through the tunnel
along the road
around the playground
into the shop
towards the canteen
Prepositions
Prepositions of time ~  in the morning
in January
on Tuesday
on your birthday
at 3 o’clock
at night
at noon
for a month
for ten minutes
for two years
Prepositions
Prepositions of time ~  since yesterday
since last week
until 6.00 p.m.
until year 2012
during the holidays
during dinner
before/after breakfast
before/after 3 o’clock
by Friday
by tomorrow
 Preposition also used with
certain * verbs 

• agree to/with • believe in

• apply to/for • borrow from
• ask for/about • compare with/to
• complain about • hope for
• think about/of
Preposition also used with
certain * adjectives (adjektif)
• angry with • safe from
• ashamed of • sorry for
• aware of • scared of
• interested in • tired of
• used to
The Simple Present Tense :
CLUE
• Every day • Daily 
• Weekly 
• Every week 
• Monthly 
• Every month • Yearly
• Every year  • Annually
• Once a fortnight
• Every night
• Always
• Every evening • Usually 
• Every morning • Often
• Sometimes 
• Normally
A) Singular subject

Adding verb's'
He plays
She reads 
It walks
My brother goes
Sarah does
Alif’s sister has
The cat is
The woman
B) Plural subject
Didn't adding verb 's'
I plan
You study
We arrange
They hold
Janet and Jennifer do
My friends have
The children are
The durians
The Simple Past Tense :
Clue
• Yesterday • A few days ago
• Just now • A few minutes ago
• Ago • A moment ago
• Last week • Two weeks ago
• Last month • Recently
• Last year • Those days
• Last Monday morning • A fortnight ago
• This morning
Rules of Simple Past Tense

• Regular verbs – the verbs end in ‘d’ or ‘ed’.

• Example: talk – talked
                     jump – jumped
• Irregular verbs – the verbs change form
• Example: go - went
                    buy - bought
                   catch - caught
 The Continuous Tense
• Verb + ing • Present Tense
 am, is, are
• Examples:  now
swimming  at this moment
reading
teaching • Past Tense
writing  was, were
enjoying  while, when, as
Singular subject

Present Past Verb + ing

reading
drawing
 I am was walking
doing
buying
Singular subject
Present Past Verb+ing
He
She reading
It drawing
Munif is was walking
Sarah
The girl sweeping
The boy buying
My uncle sleeping
The rabbit
Pn Suhaila
Plural subject
Present Past Verb+ing
• You
reading
• We
drawing
• They are were walking
• The children sweeping
• The lions sleeping
The Simple Future Tense

• shall
• tomorrow • will
• afterwards • going to
• next week
• tonight  After will, shall, going to
• later – root words.
• soon
The Simple Future Tense

• shall walk
•I • shall finish
• shall attend
• We • will go
• will buy
• will choose
The Simple Future Tense

He 
She  • will go 
It • will do
You  • will swim
They
Singular subject + singular verb
• Each pupil has
• Each of the girls goes
• Each of the boys does
• One of the girls cycles
• Any of the boys knows
• Anyone who bites
• Anybody thinks
• Someone who runs
• Nobody plays
• No one sings
• Not one of them reads
Uncountable nouns take a singular verb

• hair, grass, • Singular verb-to-be

rice, powder,  is
juice, syrup,  was
flour, sugar
oil, soup,
salt, pepper
money, water
sand, dust
Either and neither take a singular verb

is
• Either of the girls was
• Neither of the boys has
does
• Either this man or that man
runs
• Neither Maria nor Azlina sings
• Neither you nor he sleeps
Adjectives

• ………. as brave as a lion.

• ………. happier than ………
• ………. faster than ………..
• …… more expensive than my house.
• The largest …………
• The strongest …………
• The most beautiful ………
Adverbs

Verb Adverb
Act Quickly
Answer Correctly, clearly, rudely
Ask Nicely, humbly, politely
Accept Readily, gratefully
Arrive Safely
Arrange Neatly, nicely
Bark Loudly, fiercely, joyfully
Bleed Profusely, badly
Adverbs
Verb Adverb
Blow Gently, strongly,
Bow Humbly, respectfully
Clap Loudly, joyfully, excitedly
Cry Bitterly, sadly, softly, loudly
Cheer Loudly, joyfully
Dance Gracefully, beautifully, stylishly
Drive Carefully, cautiously, carelessly,
slowly, recklessly, dangerously, 
Dress Smartly, sloppily 衣服凌乱地 ,
shabbily 衣衫褴褛地
Adverbs 
Verb Adverb
Eat Hungrily, greedily
Explain Clearly, briefly, patiently
Fight Bravely, furiously
Give Generously, kindly, willingly
Greet Cheerfully, loudly, politely
Laugh Heartily, happily, loudly
Listen Carefully, attentively, intently
Look Shyly, longingly 渴望地 , lovingly
Run Fast, quickly, slowly
 Verb Adverb
Read Carefully, silently, loudly, quietly
Shout Angrily, loudly, joyfully
Sleep Soundly, lightly
Smile Kindly, shyly, broadly, sweetly
Speak Boastfully, politely, kindly, clearly
Spend thriftily 节俭地 
Sing Softly, sweetly, happily
Wait Patiently, anxiously
Walk Hurriedly, slowly, briskly
Work Slowly, willingly, hard
Infinitive

•  After the word to the verb must be in

root word (kata dasar).
e.g
1. The doctor told her to stay in bed for
a week.
2. It is difficult to catch a crocodile.
3. My aunt teaches me how to make
egg tart.
 Modals

will would
shall should
can could
may might
must ought to
After modals the verb must be in root word.
 Clue

After modals the verb must be in

root word.
Countable
apple, bag, pencil, cup,
tiger, rose, ruler,
buffalo, day, letter,
many banyak shirt, hour, minute, etc.
several beberapa
a few sedikit Examples:
There are many boys
some sebahagian at the bus stop.
a lot of sangat banyak Amir met a few friends.
Uncountable
oil, water, perfume, air,
sugar, salt, smoke, coffee,
much tea, rice, grass, juice,
a little banyak syrup, sauce, flour, etc.
a lot of sedikit
some sangat banyak Examples:
Don't put too much sugar
any sebahagian
in my coffee.
Add a little salt to the
soup.
A lot of dust has gathered
on the desk.
Question words
What ~ (apa) What is your name?
To ask about people, What did you do to my car?
animals, things
When ~ (bila) When is the train arriving?
To as about time When did you go to
Singapore?
Why ~ (kenapa)  Why did the man shout at
To ask about reason you? 
Why is the baby crying?
Where ~ (dimana) Where is the museum?
To ask about places. Where do you live?
Conjunction 
• is a linking or joining words
• we use conjunctions to connect words, groups of
words, clauses or sentences
And But
Or If
So Because
As Although
Either ………..or Neither …….....nor
Therefore Moreover
However Furthermore
Even though
Question words
How (bagaimana/berapa) How old are you?
To ask about people, How did the accident happen?
events and the way things
are done.
Whose ~ (siapa punya)  Whose bag is on the floor?
To ask about belongings. Whose children are they?

Which (yang mana satu) Which girl won the first prize?
To ask about people, Which dog chased you?
animals, and things.
Who ~ (siapa) Who is that lady?
To ask about people Who did you talk to?