COMSATS Fall 2016 (Rev.1.

0)

Principles of Communication Systems (PCS)

EEE 351

Source coding of Digital Data

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Coding in communication system

In the engineering sense, coding can be classified into four
areas:
• Encryption: to encrypt information for security purpose.
• Data compression: to reduce space for the data stream.
• Data translation: to change the form of representation
of the information so that it can be transmitted over a
communication channel.
• Error control: to encode a signal so that error occurred
can be detected and possibly corrected.
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Source Coding
• Source Coding - Code data to more efficiently represent
• the information
• – Reduces “size” of data
• – Analog - Encode analog source data into a binary format
• – Digital - Reduce the “size” of digital source data
• Channel Coding - Code data for transmission over a noisy
communication channel
• – Increases “size” of data
• – Digital - add redundancy to identify and correct errors
• – Analog - represent digital values by analog signals
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Source Coding
• A (binary) source code C for a random variable
X is a mapping from X to a (finite) binary
string.
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Prefix Coding
• Let C(x) be the codeword corresponding to x
and let L(x) denote the length of C(x).
• A code is called a prefix code or an
instantaneous code, if no codeword is a prefix
of any other codeword.
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Huffman Coding
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Huffman Coding Example

An example of scalar Coding

Efficiency=99.16%
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Huffman Vector Coding

• Multiple symbols are encoded at a time.

• If symbols are independent, entropy for n-
symbols vector coding is n times that of scalar
coding.
• In most cases, symbols are not independent
e.g. English alphabets
• Example from Sklar, Page 864-865
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Huffman Coding Example

An example of Vector Coding: dependent symbols

Efficiency=98.93%
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Assignment/Practice Questions # 2
• Do following problems from Sklar’s book:
– 13.2, 13.6, 13.7, 13.13, 13.14

13
COMSATS Fall 2016 (Rev.1.0)

Principles of Communication Systems (PCS)

EEE 351

Digital Modulation
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Polar Representation of Sinusoids

http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5965-7160E.pdf
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Constellation Diagram

http://computing.dcu.ie/~HUMPHRYS/Notes/Networks/tanenbaum/2-25.jpg
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Modulation
 Modulation: the process of encoding information from a
message source in a manner suitable for transmission
 Involves translating a baseband message signal to a
bandpass signal at frequencies much higher w.r.t.
baseband frequency
 Modulated Signal – bandpass carrier signal
 Modulating Signal – baseband message signal
 Amplitude, frequency or phase a carrier signal is varied
in accordance with the amplitude of the message signal
 Demodulation: the process of extracting baseband
message from the carrier
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Modulation

• Digital modulation
– digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband)
– differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness
• Analog modulation
– shifts center frequency of baseband signal up to the radio carrier
• Basic schemes
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Phase Modulation (PM)
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Modulation and demodulation

analog
baseband
digital
signal
data digital analog
101101001 modulation modulation radio transmitter

radio
carrier

analog
baseband
digital
signal
analog synchronization data
demodulation decision 101101001 radio receiver

radio
carrier
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Digital Modulation
 Digital modulation schemes – mainly used in present 2G and
future mobile radio systems
 A digital modulation is a mapping from a block of log2M
bits/s to a symbol from an alphabet of M symbols
 Advantages of digital modulation
 Greater noise immunity
 Robustness to channel impairments
 Easier multiplexing of various forms of information (voice, data,
video)
 Support complex signal conditioning and processing
 Error detection/correction - utilization of error control codes
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Digital modulation

• Modulation of digital signals known as Shift Keying 1 0 1

• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):

t

– very simple
– low bandwidth requirements 1 0 1

– very susceptible to interference t

• Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):

– needs larger bandwidth 1 0 1

• Phase Shift Keying (PSK):
t
– more complex
– robust against interference
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Digital Modulation
• Digital modulation is the process • Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
of modulation where an analog – Frequency of the sinusoidal is
sinusoidal signal is modulated by varied to carry Information.
the digital data.
• Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• One or two parameters – Phase of the sinusoidal is varied
to carry Information.
(Amplitude, Frequency and
Phase) of the sinusoidal
waveforms are modified with • Quadrature Amplitude
respect to the digital data. Modulation (QAM)
– Amplitude and phase of the
sinusoidal is varied to carry
• Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Information.
– Amplitude of the sinusoidal is
varied to carry Information.
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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

• In ASK, the amplitude of the • All the other parameters of the
carrier is changed in response to carriers are kept constant which
information and all else is kept include frequency and phase.
fixed.
• On Off Keying (OOK) is a special
case of ASK where one of the
• Bit ‘1’ is transmitted by the amplitudes is ‘Zero’.
carrier of one particular
amplitude.

• Bit ‘0’ is transmitted by the

carrier of another amplitude.
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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

• In FSK the frequency of the
carrier signal is varied to carry
information.
• Different binary signals are
represented by different
frequency sinusoids.
• The simplest Frequency Shift
Keying (FSK) is Binary FSK.
• In BFSK, a binary ‘1’ is
represented by one frequency
while a binary ‘0’ is represented
by another frequency.

• All other parameters including

amplitude and phase are kept
constant.
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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
• Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is the
type of modulation in which the
phase of the carrier sinusoid is
varied according to the digital
data.
• PSK uses finite number of phases
to represent single bits or unique
combination of bits.
• Depending upon the number of
bits represented by a phase, PSK
has different variants known as
M-PSK.
• Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
– Two phase levels represent ‘1’
and ‘0’.
• Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
(QPSK) or 4-PSK
– Four phase levels represent 4
different bit combinations or
symbols.
• 8-PSK
– Eight phase levels represent 8
different bit combinations or symbols
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Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)

BPSK Constellation Diagram
• In BPSK, a binary ‘1’ is
represented by a phase of zero
degrees while a binary ‘0’ is
represented by 180 degrees. All
other parameters of the carrier
sinusoid are kept constant.

BPSK Time Domain Signal

http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/papers/modulation_1.pdf
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Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)

• In QPSK, four different symbols
are represented by four distinct
phases.

Bit # 01 Bit # 02 Phase

(Degrees)
0 0 45
1 0 135
0 1 -135
1 1 -45

QPSK Constellation Diagram

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8-Phase Shift Keying (8-PSK)

• In 8-PSK, eight different binary
symbols are represented by 8
distinct phases.

Bit # 01 Bit # 02 Bit # 03

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
QPSK Constellation Diagram
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(QAM)
• In Quadrature Amplitude 16 QAM
Modulation (QAM) both
amplitude and phase are varied
simultaneously to carry
information.

8 QAM

http://cnx.org/content/m35715/latest/graphics20.png
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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

32 QAM
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Digital Modulation

Choice of Digital Modulation

 Desirable properties:
 Low BER at low SNR.
 Occupies minimum bandwidth.
 Performs well in multipath
 Simple (cost-effective)

 Performance measures - power efficiency, bandwidth

efficiency
 Power efficiency - Eb/N0 ratio of energy per bit to noise
power spectral density (PSD) required for specified
performance (say BER=10^-5)
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Example of the block codes

PB
8PSK

QPSK

Eb / N 0 [dB] 34
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Digital Modulation
 Bandwidth efficiency

B  R (data rate in bps)

B (bw occupied by modulated RF signal)
 Fundamental upper bound on bandwidth efficiency limited
by noise in the channel.
 Shannon’s Channel Capacity Theorem
 Upper bound on spectral efficiency achievable for a given
SNR.
C
 B  B  log 2  1  SNR 

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Digital Modulation
 Trade off between power efficiency and bandwidth efficiency

C  B log 2  1  SNR  bits/s

Information rate can be increased by increasing either

bandwidth or SNR

E Determine capacity data rate C, given that SNR=20 dB, B=30k

Hz (TDMA)

C  B log 2  1  SNR   200 kbps

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Digital Modulation
Other Factors affecting choice of modulation

 receiver cost and complexity

 detection/demodulation is simple

 performance under various channel impairments

(fading, multipath time dispersion)

 performance in interference environmen

Simulation analysis of complete system including

modulation, interference, fading and demodulation to
determine relative performance and select
appropriate techniques
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Find Answers to
• What is Grey Coding?
• Spectral Comparison of ASK, FSK, PSK and QAM?