COMSATS Fall 2016 (Rev. 1.

0)

Principles of Communication Systems (PCS)

EEE 351

Lecture # 06
Analog Modulation
(Frequency Modulation I)
COMSATS
Power Relations in AM Wave
• An amplitude modulated wave has
three major components
– Original Carrier wave of amplitude A.
– USF wave of amplitude (mA/2).
– LSF wave of amplitude (mA/2).
• To calculate the total power content
of an AM wave, the individual power
components are calculated and
summed together.
• Let
– Pc = Carrier Power.
– PUSB= USB Power.
– PLSB = LSB Power
PCS
• Power radiated by a wave through
antenna is proportional to the
square of the amplitude
Power ∝ (Amplitude)2
• Carrier Power, PC
PC ∝ A2 =KA2.
• USB Power, PUSB
PUSB ∝ (B/2)2 =KB2/4
• LSB Power, PLSB
PLSB ∝ (B/2)2 =KB2/4
COMSATS
Power Relations in AM Wave
• Total Sideband Power, PSB
PSB = KB2/4 +KB2/4= KB2/2
• Total Power Radiated from antenna,
PT
PT = PC + PSB
PT = KA2 + KB2/2
Putting B=mA and simplifying
PT = KA2 [1+ (m2/2)]
Putting KA2 = PC
PT = PC [1+ (m2/2)]
PT = PC [(2+ m2)/2]
PCS
• PC = PT [2/(2+ m2)]
• Total Sideband Power(PSB) is
difference between power
transmitted (PT) and power of the
carrier wave (PC)
PSB = PT - PC = PC [1+ (m2/2)] - PC
PSB = (m2/2)PC = [m2/(2+m2)]PT
• PUSB= PLSB=½ PSB= ½[m2/(2+m2)]PT
COMSATS PCS

Power Relations in AM Wave

• Considering a case where m=1 or • PSB= (1/2) PC
100% = 50% of Carrier Power

• PT = 1.5PC = 1.5 x Carrier Power • (PUSB /PT)= (PUSB /PT)

= (0.25 PC /1.5 PC)= 1/6
• PC = (2/3)PT
= (2/3) x Total Radiated Power

• PUSB= PLSB=(1/4)PC
= 25% of Carrier Power
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.7
The total power content of an AM wave is 1500W. For 100% modulation ,
determine (i) Power transmitted by carrier and (ii) Power Transmitted by
each sideband.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.8
The total power content of an AM wave is 2.64kW at the percent
modulation of 80%. Determine the power content of (i) Carrier and (ii) Each
Sideband.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.9
A transmitter used for radio telephone has an unmodulated carrier power of 10 kW and
can be modulated to a maximum of 80% by a single frequency signal before
overloading. Find the value to which carrier power can be increased if the 50%
modulation limit is imposed.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Design Problem
• Example 66.10
A certain transmitter radiated 10kW of power with the carrier unmodulated and 11.8
kW with the carrier modulated by sinusoid. Find (i) Percent modulation and (ii) If
another wave modulated to 40 % is also transmitted , calculate the radiated power.
Solution:
COMSATS PCS

Forms of Amplitude Modulation

• Standard AM wave contains a carrier • Depending upon the component
and two side bands and is generally suppresses or removed, there are
referred to as Double Side Band- Full three forms of Amplitude
Carrier (DSB-FC). modulation(AM).

• In DSB-FC, carrier conveys no

information while the two side bands
• These forms include
are exact replicas of each other and – Double Sideband- Suppressed
hence carry the same information. Carrier, (DSB-SC)
– Single Sideband-Transmitted
• Carrier, (SSB-TC)
On the basis of above mentioned
reasons, it is possible to suppress the – Single Sideband- Suppressed
carrier or one side band or both the Carrier, SSB-SC
carrier and a sideband without any
loss of information.
COMSATS PCS

Double Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (DSB-

SC)
• In this system, the carrier is suppressed and sidebands are transmitted
only. For 100% modulation (m=1), carrier signal contains 2/3 of the total
transmitted power.

• With m=1, suppression of the carrier saves 2/3 of the total transmitted
power(Approximately 66.67% of PT).

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Single Sideband-Transmitted Carrier (SSB-TC)

• In this case, one sideband is suppressed and carrier along with the other
sideband is transmitted. For 100% modulation (m=1), the total power
content of one sideband is equal to 1/6 of the total transmitted power.

• With m=1, suppression of only one sideband saves 1/6 of the total
transmitted power(Approximately 16.67% of PT).

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Single Sideband-Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC)

• In this case, carrier along with one side band is suppressed and only one
sideband is transmitted. For 100% modulation(m=1), the total power content
of carrier and one sideband is equal to 5/6 of the total transmitted power.

• With m=1, suppression of carrier and one sideband saves 5/6 of the total
transmitted power (Approximately 83.34% of P T).

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Advantages of SSB-SC
• Power Conservation (Approximately 83.34%).
• Bandwidth Conservation (Approximately 50%).
• Lesser Power Supply Requirement (Battery size is reduced as a result).
• Less Noise (Smaller Bandwidth causes lesser accumulation of noise).
• But DSB-SC is most frequently used, Why?
• Find out the applications of different forms of Amplitude Modulation.

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The type of modulation in which
the ‘frequency of the carrier wave’
is changed according to the
modulating signal is known as
‘Frequency Modulation’.
• Maximum Frequency @ Max. +ve
Amplitude of Modulating Signal.
• Minimum Frequency @ Max -ve
Amplitude of Modulating Signal.

• The information is carried in the

changing frequency of the
modulated signal.

• Frequency of the modulated

signal increases as the amplitude
of the modulating signal increases
and vice versa.
B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The modulated signal has three
frequencies, namely
– Highest Frequency (H): Maximum
Frequency of the Modulated Signal

– Lowest Frequency (L): Minimum

frequency of the Modulated Signal

– Center or Resting Frequency (fo): Normal

Frequency of the Modulated Signal
which is equal to the carrier frequency.

• What is the amplitude of the

modulating signal at resting
frequency?

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The amount of change in the
frequency of the modulated signal
depends upon the amplitude of the
modulating signal.
• A modulating signal with greater
amplitude causes a greater change
in frequency and vice versa.
• For FM broadcasts, the maximum
allowed frequency deviation on
each side of center frequency is
standardized at 75kHz for
maximum loudness. For TV
broadcast it is 25 kHz.

• Keeping the frequency of the

modulating signal constant, a
louder signal causes a greater
change in the frequency.

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

Frequency Modulation
• The rate at which the frequency shift
takes place is dependent upon the
frequency of the modulating signal.

• For a modulating signal of frequency

1 kHz, the frequency of the
modulated signal varies 1000 times
between its maximum and minimum
values.

• If the frequency of the modulating

signal is 2 kHz, then the frequency
shift will be twice as fast as
compared to 1 kHz.

B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical Engineering, Volume IV.
COMSATS PCS

References
[1] B.L. Theraja, S.G. Tarnekar, A.K. Theraja, A Text Book of Electrical
Engineering, Volume IV.