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Tiburcio,MSMT
Department of Med Tech
UST Faculty of Pharmacy
enhance
Immune
response
suppress
Immunoenhancement/Immunopotentiation
Adjuvants
(Substances that enhance the immunogenicity of
molecules without altering their chemical composition)
Helper factors
Secreted by T cells following interaction of
Ag specific receptor w/ its homologous epitope
Transfer factors
An Ag specific dialyzable extract of immune T cells
that is capable of transferring CMI
Immunogenic RNA
Extracted from the lymphoid tissues following Ag injection
Appears to be an Ag receptor complexed w/ cellular RNA
w/c greatly increases immunogenicity of a molecule
Immunosuppression
reduction in a large portion of immune responsiveness
A. Physical means
a. Surgical manipulation
1. Bursa of Fabricius & thymus
In neonatal period – immunologic competence not develop in
the corresponding cell line
After immunologic development, IC affected very little
2. Removal of peripheral lymphoid tissues – actual tissues removed
Lymph nodes & lymphoid cells in connective tissue – little
effect
(too diffuse to be removed completely by surgical procedures)
Spleen does not grossly impair Ab production
b. Ionizing radiation damages the lymphoid organs & bone marrow
B. Chemical & Biologic means
a. Lympholytic agents
Can block the expression of the IR (cell lysis) but more effective
in disrupting the initiation of the IR
Types: ionizing radiation & Abs (ALS or ATS)
b. Lymphocytotoxic agents
1. Antimetabolites (purine & pyrimidine analogues & folic acid
antagonists – methotrexate) interfere w/ DNA synthesis
c. Antibodies
1. Abs that react w/ lymphoid cells such as ALG or ALS particularly
antithymocyte induces immune deficiency in transplant patients by
suppression of CMI
Malignancies
Lymphomas may disrupt normal lymphocyte functions directly or
may “crowd out” normal lymphocytes from bone marrow & peripheral
lymphoid tissues
Infections
Measles & certain viral diseases cause a transient depression in
CMIR
HIV infection causes a profound IS w/c renders the host
susceptible to fatal infection caused by opportunistic pathogens
Malnutrition
CMI most sensitive to nutritional deprivation, HI, C’ and phagocytic
functions are also affected
Tolerance
absence of specific immune responses in a fully competent
person
A. Clonal abortion
low concentrations of multivalent Ag may cause the
immature clone to abort
B. Clonal exhaustion
repeated antigenic challenge with T-independent Ag may
remove all mature B cell clones
C. Functional deletion
absence of T helper cell with the presence of T-dependent
Agt or an excess of T-independent Ag prevents mature B cell
from functioning normally
A. Clonal abortion
immature T cell clones may be aborted in a similar
manner to B cells
B. Functional deletion
the subsets of mature T cells may be individually deleted
leading to the loss of only one of the functions of the T cell
group
C. T suppression
suppressor T cells actively suppress the actions of other
T cell subsets or B cells