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 Presentation On

Superposition theorem and

Norton theorem
Superposition Theorem :

 The superposition theorem extends the use of Ohm’s

Law to circuits with multiple sources.
 Definition :- The current through, or voltage
across, an element in a linear bilateral network
equal to the algebraic sum of the currents or
voltages produced independently by each
source.
 The Superposition theorem is very helpful in
determining the voltage across an element or current
through a branch when the circuit contains multiple
number of voltage or current sources.
 Condition:
 In order to apply the superposition theorem to a network, certain
conditions must be met :
1. All the components must be linear, for e.g.- the current is
proportional to the applied voltage (for resistors), flux linkage is
proportional to current (in inductors), etc.
2. All the components must be bilateral, meaning that the current is
the same amount for opposite polarities of the source voltage.
3. Passive components may be used. These are components such as
resistors, capacitors, and inductors, that do not amplify or rectify.
4. Active components may not be used. Active components include
transistors, semiconductor diodes, and electron tubes. Such
components are never bilateral and seldom linear.
Procedure for applying Superposition
Theorem:
 Circuits Containing Only Independent Sources
 Consider only one source to be active at a time.
 Remove all other IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCES by SHORT CIRCUIT &
all other IDEAL CURRENT SOURCES by OPEN CIRCUIT.

Voltage source is Current source is

replaced by a Short replaced by a Open
Circuit Circuit
Steps:
1) Select any one source and short all other voltage sources 
and open all current sources if internal impedance is not
known. If known replace them by their impedance.
2) Find out the current or voltage across the required
element, due to the source under consideration.

3) Repeat the above steps for all other sources.

4) Add all the individual effects produced by individual

sources to obtain the total current in or across the voltage
element.
 Example:
Using the superposition theorem, determine the
voltage drop and current across the resistor 3.3K
as shown in figure below.

Step 1: Remove the 8V power supply from the original circuit, such that the
new circuit becomes as the following and then measure voltage across
resistor.
 Here 3.3K and 2K are in parallel, therefore resultant
resistance will be 1.245K.
Using voltage divider rule voltage across 1.245K will be
V1= [1.245/(1.245+4.7)]*5 = 1.047V

Step 2: Remove the 5V power supply from the original circuit such
that the new circuit becomes as the following and then measure
voltage across resistor.
Here 3.3K and 4.7K are in parallel, therefore resultant resistance will
be 1.938K.
Using voltage divider rule voltage across 1.938K will be
V2= [1.938/(1.938+2)]*8 = 3.9377V
Therefore voltage drop across 3.3K resistor is V1+V2 =
1.047+3.9377=4.9847 v
Example : 2

Circuit A of the sample circuit shown here has an

independent voltage source and an independent current
source. How do you find the output voltage vo as the
voltage across resistor R2?

Circuit A (with its two independent sources) breaks up into two

simpler circuits, B and C, which have just one source each.
Circuit B has one voltage source because
the current source was replaced with an
open circuit. Circuit C has one current
source because the voltage source was
replaced with a short circuit.

For Circuit B, you can use the voltage

divider technique because its resistors,
R1 and R2, are connected in series with a
voltage source. So here’s the voltage vo1
across resistor R2:
For Circuit C, you can use a current divider technique
because the resistors are connected in parallel with a
current source. The current source provides the following
current i22 flowing through resistor R2:

You can use Ohm’s law to find the voltage output vo2 across resistor R2:

Now find the total output voltage across R2 for the two independent
sources in Circuit C by adding vo1 (due to the source voltage vs) and vo2
(due to the source current is). You wind up with the following output
voltage:
Norton’s Theorem:

General Idea:

Nortons states that a linear two-terminal circuit can be

replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current
source IN in parallel with a resistor RN, where IN is the short-
circuit current through the terminals and RN is the input or
equivalent resistance at the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off.
Steps of Norton Theorem:

1. Find the norton current I(no) calculate the output current

,I(ab),with a short circuit as the load. This is I(no).
2. Find the norton resistance R(no) when there are no dependent
sources there are two methods of determining the norton
impedence R(no)

(i) calculate the out put voltage , V(ab) when in open circuit
condition .R(no) equals this V(ab) divided by I(no).

(ii) Replace independent voltage with short circuit and independent

current sources with open circuits. This total resistance across the
output port is the norton impedence R(no)
Conversion to a
Thevenin’s equivalent:
Mathematical problem: 1

Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit at

terminals a-b.
Solution:

Solution:
We find in the same way we find
in the Thevenin equivalent
circuit. Set the independent
sources equal to zero. This leads
to the circuit from which we find
RN Thus,
RN = 5 || (8 + 4 +8) =5 || 20
=20 || 5
=20 *5/25
=4
To find IN we short-circuit
terminals a and b, as shown in
We ignore the 5 ohm resistor
because it has been short-
circuited. Applying mesh
analysis, we obtain

i1 =2 A, 20-i2 -4i1 – 12=0

From these equations, we obtain
i2 =1 A=isc=IN
Mathematical problem: 2

To find the Nortons equivalent of the above circuit we firstly have to

remove the centre 40Ω load resistor and short out the terminals A
and B to give us the following circuit.
When the terminals A and B are shorted together the two
resistors are connected in parallel across their two respective
voltage sources and the currents flowing through each resistor
as well as the total short circuit current can now be calculated
as:

If we short-out the two voltage sources and open circuit terminals A and B,
the two resistors are now effectively connected together in parallel. The
value of the internal resistor Rs is found by calculating the total resistance
at the terminals A and B giving us the following circuit.
Having found both the short circuit current, Is and equivalent internal
resistance, Rs this then gives us the following Nortons equivalent
circuit.
Nortons equivalent
circuit.

Ok, so far so good, but we now have to solve with the original 40Ω
load resistor connected across terminals A and B as shown below.
The voltage across the terminals A and B with the load
resistor connected is given as:

The voltage across the terminals A and B with the load resistor
connected is given as:

Then the current flowing in the 40Ω load resistor can be found
as: