PRESENTATION ON

TYPHOID
Kathmandu University
Department Of Pharmacy

Members Includes
Pooja Raya
Sahabul Rayeen
Jamuna Shah

Mukesh Shah
 WHAT IS TYPHOID?
 Typhoid is a bacterial infection that can
spread throughout the body.
 Also called as enteric fever and is
communicable disease.
 Caused by bacteria Salmonella
typhimurium.
 S.typhi enters through mouth and lives in
intestine and bloodstream of human.
 TYPHOID
 Multiple reproduction until critical density
 From bloodstream enters into other tissue
and organ making immune system weak.
 Nepali name is Myadhe joro
 Causes and mode of
transmission

 Causes
 By bacteria Salmonella typhimurium
 Also by bacteria Salmonella enterica
 Ingestion of contaminated food or water
with feces
 Transmitted by asymptomatic carriers of
typhoid in some cases
 Poor sanitation and poor hygiene
 SYMPTOMS OF TYPHOID
 Symptom begin from 6-30 days after
exposure to bacteria.
 High fever(39-40 degree celsius) for
several days
 Weakness
 Abdominal pain
 Headache
 Constipation
.
 SYMPTOMS CONTINUED

 The rash which does not affect every patient,

consist of rose colored spots ,particularly on neck
and abdominal.
 Rarely ,symptoms might include confusion,
diarrhea, and vomiting but not normally severe.
 In serious, untreated cases, the bowel can become
perforated and can lead to peritonitis, an
infection of the tissue that lines the inside of the
abdomen.
 SYMPTOMS
 Another infection parathyroid caused by
Salmonella enterica having similar symptoms
is less likely to be fatal
 History
 Observed since pre-antibiotic area.
 WHO estimates annual global incidence
is 0.3% and in developing countries like
Nepal its 1%.
 85% cases from Bangladesh, Pakistan,
India during 2016.
 According to hospital data total of 1881
cases have been reported from 2008-2012.
 Diagnosis
 commonly urine culture
 blood culture positive in half cases
 stool culture not usually positive in early
phases
 bone marrow culture is most accurate
but done in rare cases.
 TREATMENT
 The only effective treatment for typhoid is
antibiotics. 
 The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin
(for non-pregnant adults) and ceftriaxone.
 Other than antibiotics, it is important to
rehydrate by drinking adequate water.
 In more severe cases, where the bowel has
become perforated, surgery may be
required.
 TYPHOID ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
As with a number of other bacterial diseases, there
is currently concern about the growing resistance of
antibiotics to S.typhi.
In recent years, for example, typhoid has become

resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and

ampicillin.
Ciprofloxacin, one of the key medications for typhoid,

is also experiencing similar difficulties. Some studies

have found Salmonella typhimurium resistance rates to
be around 35%.
 PREVENTION
• Before traveling to a high-risk area, getting
vaccinated against typhoid fever is
recommended.
• This can be achieved by oral medication or a
one-off injection:
• Oral: a live, attenuated vaccine. Consists of 4
tablets, one to be taken every second day, the
last of which is taken 1 week before travel.
• Shot, an inactivated vaccine, administered 2
weeks before travel.
 PREVENTION
 Vaccination should not be started if the
individual is currently ill or if they are under 6
years of age.
 Anyone with HIV should not take the live, oral
dose.
 The vaccine may have adverse effects. One in
100 people will experience a fever. After the
oral vaccine, there may be gastrointestinal
problems, nausea, and headache. However,
severe side effects are rare with either vaccine.
 PREVENTION
• There are two types of typhoid vaccine
available, but a more powerful vaccine is still
needed.
• The live, oral version of the vaccine is the
strongest of the two.
• After 3 years, it still protects individuals
from infection 73 percent of the time.
However, this vaccine has more side effects
 ELIMINATING TYPHOID
 Even when the symptoms of typhoid have
passed, it is still possible to be carrying the
bacteria.

 This makes it hard to stamp out the disease,

because carriers whose symptoms have finished
may be less careful when washing food or
interacting with others.

 People traveling in Africa, South America, and

Asia, and India in particular, should be vigilant.
 THANK YOU

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