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Personality
Definition
• There is no agreement among scholars on the
definition.
• Personality is a relatively stable set of
characteristics that influences an individual’s
behaviour
Cont…
• Personality refers to individual differences in
characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and
behaving. The study of personality focuses on
two broad areas:
– Understanding individual differences in particular
personality characteristics, such as sociability or
irritability
– The other is understanding how the various parts of
a person come together as a whole.
Taken from – American Psychological Association
Cont…
• According to Carl Roger – Personality is an
organized, consistent pattern of perception of
the “I” around which the individual interacts
and has experiences.
• Fred Luthans – how people affect others and
how they understand and view themselves
Approaches to personality
• Nomothetic – explores the what of personality. They
identify the personality traits and produce effective
measurements of the traits in order to draw
comparisons between individuals. Able to predict
behavior is a major aim and outcome of this approach.
• Idiographic – explores the why of personality. They are
concerned with understanding the uniqueness of
individuals and the development of the self concept.
They regard personality development as a process
which is open to change.
• Complimentary approaches – Freud although come
under idiographic but does not allow personality
growth and change after childhood.
Nomothetic
Trait theory
• They broke down individual’s behavioral patterns
into a series of observable traits
• Combining these traits into a group forms an
individual’s personality
• There were 1800 traits
• R. B. Cattell - He extracted 171 out of the 1800
and finally 16 traits were finalized
S. N. Primary Factor Low Range High Range
1 Warmth Reserved, detached Outgoing, likes people
2 Reasoning Less intelligent More intelligent, abstract thinking
Known to Arena
others Blind
(public self)
Not known
Closed Dark
to others
Negative Positive
24
Management Conflict Styles
Compromising
style
Aggressive
Avoiding Forcing behavior
style style