MATERIAL BALANCES WITH

CHEMICAL REACTION

CHEMICAL REACTION
STOICHIOMETRY
 STOICHIOMETRY

 Stoichiometry is the theory of the proportion in

which chemical species combine with one other.

 The word stoichiometry derives from two Greek

words, which stoicheion (meaning element) and
metron (meaning measure).

 Stoichiometry provides a quantitative means of

relating the amount of products produced by
chemical reactions to the amount of reactants.
 STOICHIOMETRIC EQUATION

 Stoichiometry equation of a chemical reaction is a statement of

relative number of molecules or moles of reactants and
products that participate in the reaction.

 Eg:
2SO2 + O2 2SO3

 From equation, indicates that for every two molecules of SO2

and one molecule of O2 react to produce two molecules of SO3.

 The numbers that precede the formulas for each species are
the stoichiometric coefficients of the reaction components.

 A valid equation must be balanced, that is, the number of

atoms of each atomic species must be the same on both sides
of the equation.
 STOICHIOMETRIC RATIO

 The ratio at which reactant and product are related by its

balanced chemical equation is called stoichiometric
ratio.
 This ratio can be used as conversion factor to calculate
the amount of a particular reactant or product that was
consumed or produced, given a quantity of another
reactant of product that participated in the reaction.
 For the equation:
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
 You can write the stoichiometric ratios:
2 mol SO3 generated , 2 Ibmol SO2 generated ,
1 mol O2 consumed 1 Ibmol O2 consumed
so on…
 FERMENTATION SUGAR TO ETHANOL

C6H12O6 (glucose) 2 C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2CO2

6
Problem

• 77 grams of glucose was allowed to ferment to

form ethanol and carbon dioxide.  23.4 grams of
ethanol was recovered by distillation.  What was
the theoretical yield?  What was the percent
yield?  In other words how efficient is my
laboratory process in approaching the potential
theoretical yield?
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 EXAMPLE

Limestone is a type of rock that contains carbonate.

Upon heating, limestone releases CO2 gas leaving
behind solid lime. A limestone analysis yields:
CaCO3 80%
MgCO3 19%
Insoluble/ inert 1%

a) How many kg of lime that can be made per metric

ton on limestone?
b) How many pounds of limestone are needed to
make 0.5 metric ton of oxides?
 SOLUTION

 Read the problem carefully.

 The carbonates are decomposed to oxides.
 You should recognized that lime is oxides of Ca
and Mg, will also include other inert compounds
present in the limestone that remain after the CO2
has been driven off.
The reactions are:

CaCO3 CaO + CO2

MgCO3 MgO + CO2

Basis: 1 metric ton limestone

Mass of lime = total mass of oxides + mass of inert
a) How many kg of lime that can be metric per metric ton on limestone?

Basis: 1 metric ton limestone

From stoichiometric ratio:
Mol CaO = 1metric ton CaO
Mol CaCO3 1metric ton CaCO3

Mol CaO = 1metric ton CaO x mol CaCO3

1 metric ton CaCO3
= 1metric ton CaO x 0.8 metric ton x 1 metric ton mol CaCO3
1 metric ton CaCO3 100 metric ton CaCO3
= 8 x 10-3 metric ton mol CaO

Mass CaO = mol x MW

= 8 x 10-3 metric ton mol CaO x 56 metric ton CaO
metric ton mol CaO
= 0.448 metric ton
From stoichiometric ratio:
Mol MgO = 1 metric ton MgO
Mol MgCO3 1 metric ton MgCO3

Mol MgO = 1 metric ton MgO x mol MgCO3

1 metric ton MgCO3
= 1metric ton MgO x 0.19 metric ton x 1 metric ton mol MgCO3
1 metric ton MgCO3 84 metric ton MgCO3
= 2.26 x 10-3 metric ton mol MgO

Mass MgO = mol x MW

= 2.26 x 10-3 metric ton mol MgO x 40 metric ton MgO
metric ton mol MgO
= 0.0904 metric ton
Mass of inert = 0.01 metric ton
Mass of CaO = 0.448 metric ton
Mass of MgO = 0.0904 metric ton

So,
Mass of lime = total mass of oxides + mass of in
= 0.01 + 0.048 + 0.0904
= 0.5484 metric ton lime

Kg of lime per metric ton limestones:

= 0.5484 metric ton lime x 1 kg
1 metric ton limestone 0.001 metric ton lime
= 548.4 kg lime per metric ton limestone
b) How many pounds of limestone are needed to make 0.5 metric
ton of oxides?
 LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANT

 Limiting reactant is the species in a

chemical reaction that would theoretically
run out first (would be completely
consumed) if the reaction were to proceed
to completion according to chemical
equation.
 The other reactant is called excess
reactant.
 HOW TO DETERMINE
LIMITING AND EXCESS REACTANT?

 Limiting reactant can be determined by calculate the

maximum extent of reaction, §max for each reactant based
on the complete reaction of the reactant.
 The reactant with the smallest maximum extent of reaction
is the limiting reactant.
 The other reactant will be the excess reactant.

§max = ni - nio
vi
Where:
§max = extent of the system
ni = moles of species in the system after the reaction occurs
nio = moles of species in the system when reaction starts
vi = Coefficient of species
 EXAMPLE

C7H16 + 11O2 7CO2 + 8H2O

If the feed contains 1 gmol C7H16 and 12.2 gmol 11O2,
determine the limiting reactant and excess reactant.

SOLUTION:

§max C7H16 = 1.0 gmol = 1.0 gmol

1
§max O2 = 12.2 gmol = 1.11 gmol
11

Thus the limiting reactant is C7H16 and excess reactant

is O2.
 PERCENT CONVERSION

 Conversion is the fraction of the feed/reactant that

is converted to products.
 Conversion is related to the degree of completion
of a reaction namely the percentage or fraction of
the limiting reactant.

% conversion = moles of reactant reacted x 100

moles of reactant feed
 PERCENT EXCESS REACTANT

 An excess reactant is a reactant that is present in

amount more than its stoichiometric amount.
 Percent excess reactant can be calculated as:

moles of - moles of
reactant fed theoretical reactant
% excess reactant =
moles of theoretical reactant

where;
Theoretical reactant = number of moles of reactant required
to react with the limiting reactant
EXAMPLE

Ethane gas, C2H6 burns in oxygen to produce CO2 and

water. 50 g of C2H6 is burned in 0.24 Ibm O2 and at
the end of the reaction, 40 g of water is formed.
Determine:
a) The limiting reactant and the excess reactant.
b) The percent excess reactant.
c) The percent conversion.
SOLUTION

The balanced equation is:

C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

Mole C2H6 = 50 g
30 g/gmol
= 1.67 gmol

Mole O2 = 0.24 Ib
32 Ib/Ibmol
= 7.5 x 10-3 Ibmol
= 7.5 x 10-3 Ibmol x 453.593 gmol
1 Ibmol
= 3.40 gmol
 C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

§max C2H6 = 1.67 gmol

1
= 1.67 gmol

§max O2 = 3.40 gmol

3.5
= 0.97 gmol

Thus,
The limiting reactant is O2
The excess reactant is C2H6
b) The percent excess reactant

Limiting reactant = O2, Excess reactant = C2H6

Moles of C2H6 required to react completely with LR, O2:

From stoichiometric ratio:
Mole C2H6 = 1
Mole O2 3.5
mole C2H6 = 1 x mol O2
3.5
= 1 x 3.40 gmol
3.5
= 0.971 gmol

Percent excess reactant = 1.67 - 0.971 x 100

0.971
= 71.99 %
c) The percent conversion O2.

Moles of O2 actually reacted:

From stoichiometric ratio:
mole O2 = 3.5
mole H2O 3
mole O2 = 3.5 x mole H2O
3
= 3.5 x 40 g
3 18 g/gmol
= 2.59 gmol

Percent conversion = 2.59 gmol x 100

3.40 gmol
= 76.18 %
EXERCISE

Ethane gas, C2H6 burns in oxygen to produce CO2 and

water. If 65 g of C2H6 is burned in 122 g O2,
determine:
a) The limiting reactant and the excess reactant.
b) The percent excess reactant.
c) How much grams of C2H6 burned per liter of CO2
produced at STP.
 SOLUTION:

The balanced equation is:

C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

Mole C2H6 = 65 g
30 g/gmol
= 2.17 gmol

Mole O2 = 122 g
32 g/gmol
= 3.81 gmol
a) The limiting reactant and the excess reactant.
The balanced equation is:
C2H6 + 7/2O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

§max C2H6 = 2.17 gmol

1
= 2.17 gmol

§max O2 = 3.81 gmol

3.5
= 1.09 gmol
Thus,
The limiting reactant is O2
The excess reactant is C2H6
b) The percent excess reactant

Limiting reactant = O2, Excess reactant = C2H6

Moles of C2H6 required to react completely with LR, O2:

From stoichiometric ratio:
Mole C2H6 = 1
Mole O2 3.5
mole C2H6 = 1 x mol O2
3.5
= 1 x 3.81 gmol
3.5
= 1.09 gmol

Percent excess reactant = 2.17 - 1.09 x 100

1.09
= 96.33 %
b) The percent excess reactant

Limiting reactant C2H6=, Excess reactant = O2

Moles of O2 required to react completely with LR, C2H6 :

From stoichiometric ratio:
Mole O2 = 3.5
Mole C2H6 1
mole O2 = 3.5 x mol C2H6
1
= 3.5 x 2.17 gmol
1
= 7.6 gmol

Percent excess reactant = 1.67 - 0.971

0.971
= 71.99 %
c) How much grams of C2H6 burned per liter of CO2
produced at STP.
Basis = 1 liter CO2

Mole C2H6 = 1
Mole CO2 2
Mole C2H6 = 1 x mole CO2
2

Molarity CO2 = number of mole CO2

volume CO2
Mole CO2 = molarity x volume
= mol x volume
dm3
= 1 gmol x 1 liter
22.4 L
= 0.047 gmol
So,
Mole C2H6 = 1 x mole CO2
2
= 1 x 0.047 gmol
2
= 0.024 gmol

So,
Mass C2H6 = mole C2H6 x MW
= 0.024 gmol x 30 g
gmol
= 0.72 g C2H6 per liter CO2