STEEL DESIGN

LATERALLY SUPPORTED
BEAMS
 ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS

I. The following NSCP provisions are applicable only for sections that
are

 Symmetrical about the minor axis

 Bent about their major axis
 Laterally Supported Beams
Allowable Bending Stress
Condition #1. Compact Section

Fb = 0.66Fy (for tension and compression fibers)

bf 170
a)  for unstiffened compression flanges
2t f Fy
bf 500
 for stiffened compression flanges
tf Fy

d 1680  fa 
 when f a  0.16
b)  1  3.74 If fa is not given
tw Fy  Fy 
 Fy
then it is assumed
d 675 fa to be zero
 when  0.16
tw Fy Fy
 Laterally Supported Beams
Allowable Bending Stress
Condition #2. Semi-Compact Section
For tension and compression fibers
  bf  
Fb  Fy 0.79  0.00076  Fy 
  2t  
 f 
170 b f 250
a)  
Fy 2t f Fy

d 1680  f a  fa
b)  1  3.74 when  0.16
tw Fy  Fy  Fy
d 675 fa
 when  0.16
tw Fy Fy
 Laterally Supported Beams
Allowable Bending Stress

Condition #3. Non-Compact Section

When conditions 1 & 2 are not met

for tension fibers:

Fb = 0.60Fy
for compression fibers:

Apply the provisions for

LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED BEAMS
 Laterally Supported Beams
Allowable Bending Stress
II. The following NSCP provisions are applicable only for
sections that are
 Doubly-symmetrical I and H shapes
 Bent about their minor axis

bf170
1) Fb  0.75Fy when 
2t f Fy
  bf  
2) Fb  Fy 1.075  0.0019  Fy  when
  2t  
 f 
170 b f 250
 
Fy 2t f Fy
Symbols and Notations

bw= width of the flange , mm

d = depth,mm
tf= flange thickness,mm
tw=web thickness, mm
Fy = yield stress of steel, MPa
Fb = allowable bending stress, MPa
S = section modulus along the axis of bending, mm3
M = moment capacity, N.mm

M  Fb S
 Given : Properties of section, Fy, full laterally supported
Req’d :Fb

Case 1; d 1680 675

bf 170 500 and  or
 or
tw
2t f Fy Fy Fy Fy
bf d 1680 675
170
or
500
or Fb  0.66 Fy
2t f Fy Fy tw Fy Fy
Case 2:
170 bf 250 d 1680
  and 
Fy 2t f Fy tw Fy
bf d 1680   bf  
175 250 Fb  Fy 0.79  0.00076  Fy 
 2t 
2t f Fy Fy tw Fy   f  
 Case 3:

170 bf 250 d 1680

a)   and 
Fy 2t f Fy tw Fy
bf 170 250 d 1680
Fb  0.6 Fy For tension fibers
2t f Fy Fy tw Fy

b) 170 bf 250
 
Fy 2t f Fy
bf 170 250
Fb  0.6 Fy For tension fibers
Fy Fy
2t f
Laterally suppoeted beams
Given : Fy, bf, tf, d, tw Required : Fb

bf
2t f

170
Fy
Example:

1. Compute the resisting moment of a W310 x 97 with

a) Fy = 248 MPa b) Fy = 345 MPa
Assume the section has full lateral support for its
compression flange.
Section Properties:
W310 x 97
A = 12300 mm2 Ix = 2.22 x 108 mm4
d = 308 mm Sx = 1.44 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.91 mm rx = 134 mm
bf = 305 mm ry = 77mm
tf = 15.4 mm Sy = 4.78 x 105 mm3
Iy = 7.29 x 109 mm4
Solution
a) Fy=248 MPa

bf 305 Fb  0.66 Fy
  9 .9 Fb  0.66(248)  163.68MPa
2t f 2(15.4)
M  Fb S x
170 170 bf 170
  10.8  163.68(1.44)(10) 6
Fy 248 2t f Fy M 6
(10)
d 308 M  235.7kN .m
  31.08 d 1680 675
t w 9.91  or
tw Fy Fy
1680 1680
  106.68 Section is Compact
Fy 248
Solution
b) Fy=345 MPa   bf  
Fb  Fy 0.79  0.00076  Fy 
  2t  
bf 305  f 
  9.9
2t f 2(15.4) Fb  345 0.79  0.00076(9.9) 345  224.34MPa

170 170 M  Fb S x
  9.15
Fy 345 224.34(1.44)(10) 6
170 bf 250 M
250 250
  (10) 6
Fy 2t f Fy
  13.46
Fy 345 M  323.05kN .m

d 308
  31.08 d 1680
t w 9.91 
tw Fy
1680 1680
  90.45 Section is Semi -Compact
Fy 345
Example:

2. Compute the resisting moment of a W310 x 135 with

Fy = 345 MPa. Consider tension fibers only.
Assume the section has full lateral support for its
compression flange.
Section Properties:
W310 x 135
A = 15300 mm2 Ix = 3.82 x 108 mm4
d = 308 mm Sx = 1.86 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.91 mm rx = 145 mm
bf = 400 mm ry = 77mm
tf = 14 mm Sy = 5.6 x 105 mm3
Iy = 9.2 x 109 mm4
bf 400
  14.28 M  Fb S x
2t f 2(14)
207(1.86)(10) 6
M
170 170 (10) 6
  9.15
Fy 345 M  385.02kN .m
250 250
  13.46
Fy 345

170 bf 250
  Section is non-compact
Fy 2t f Fy
Fb  0.6 Fy
Fb  0.6(345)  207 MPa
 LATERALLY UNSUPPORTED
BEAMS
 ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS

I. The following NSCP provisions are applicable only for beams

 Symmetrical about the minor axis

 Bent about their major axis
 Laterally Unsupported Beams
Allowable Bending Stress
Condition #1

Fb = 0.66Fy for tension and compression fibers when

L ≤ Lc (beam is laterally supported)
Condition #2

Fb = 0.60Fy for tension and compression fibers when

Lc < L ≤ Lu (beam is adequately supported)
Condition #3

When L > Lu (beam is laterally unsupported)

Fb = 0.60Fy for tension fibers

 Laterally Unsupported Beams
Allowable Bending Stress
The allowable stress on compression fibers is determined
based on the following criteria:
 l
2

 Fy    b) Applicable when the
2
a) Fb     rt  
Fy compression flange area is not
3 10.55 x10 Cb6 
  less than that of the tension flange
 
83 x103 Cb A f
703000Cb l 3520000Cb Fb 
when
Fy
 
rt Fy
ld
1170 x103 Cb
Fb  2 The allowable stress for compression
l 
  fibers is the greater between
 rt  conditions a) and b) but shall not be
l 3520000 greater than 0.60Fy
when 
rt Fy
 Laterally Unsupported Beams
Allowable Bending Stress
Symbols and Notations:
L = distance between cross sections braced against twist or
lateral displacement of the compression flange, mm. For cantilever
braced against twist only at the support, L may be taken as the actual
length.
200bf 138000Af
Lc is the minimum of and
Fy dFy
200bf 138000Af
Lu is the maximum of and
Fy dFy
rT = radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression
flange plus 1/3 of the compression web area, taken about an axis in the
plane of the web, mm.
Af = bftf area of the compression flange, mm2
 Laterally Unsupported Beams
Allowable Bending Stress

Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2 ≤ 2.3

Where M1 is the smaller and M2 the larger bending moment at

the ends of the unbraced length, taken about the strong axis of the
member.

M1/M2 is positive for reverse curvature bending

M1/M2 is negative for single curvature bending
Cb = 1 for simple and cantilever beam
 How to determine rt
Axis in the plane of the web
bf

d  2t f
tf
6
tw d
N.A

A = area of the compression flange + one third of the area of the compression web
(d  2t f )
A  bf t f  tw
6 I
t f (b f ) 3 1 d  2t f
rt 
I  ( )(t w ) 3 A
12 12 6
Laterally Unsupported Beams( W sections)
Given : Properties of section, Fy, L
Req’d :Fb

Case 1: L  LC
200b f
LC 
Fy
Fb  0.66 Fy

Case 2: LC  L  Lu
200b f 138000 A f
LC  Lu  Fb  0.60 Fy
Fy dFy
 Case 3: L  Lu and 703000Cb L
 
3520000Cb
Fy rt Fy
200b f
1. LC 
Fy 10.    L 
2

I Fy   
6. rt  2
a) Fb     rt  
Fy
138000 A f A 
3 10.55 x10 Cb6 

2. Lu   
dFy L
7.
3. Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2 ≤ 2.3 rt 11.
83 x103 Cb A f
Cb =1.0 for simple and cantilever beams Fb 
703000Cb Ld
(d  2t f ) 8.
Fy
4. A  b f t f  tw
6
Use bigger value of
t f (b f ) 3 1 d  2t f 9. 3520000Cb Fb but not to exceed
5. I   ( )(t w ) 3
Fy
12 12 6 0.6Fy
 Case 4: L  Lu and L

3520000Cb
rt Fy
200b f
1. LC  1170 x103 Cb
Fy 10. Fb 
I  L
2

6. rt   
A  rt 
138000 A f
2. Lu 
dFy L
7. 83 x103 Cb A f
3. Cb = 1.75 + 1.05(M1/M2) + 0.3(M1/M2)2 ≤ 2.3 rt 11. Fb 
Ld
Cb =1.0 for simple and cantilever beams
703000Cb
(d  2t f ) 8.
Fy
4. A  b f t f  tw
6
Use bigger value of
t f (b f ) 3 1 d  2t f 9. 3520000Cb Fb but not to exceed
5. I   ( )(t w ) 3
Fy
12 12 6 0.6Fy
Example

 A simply supported beam having a span of 12m carries a

concentrated load P acting on the plane of the web. The beam
is a wide flange section W14 x 90, the properties of which are

Ix = 415815 x 103 mm4 Wt = 134.5 kg/m

d = 356.1 mm Fy = 248 MPa
tw = 11.2 mm
bf = 368.8 mm
tf = 18 mm
If the member is restrained against lateral buckling only at
the supports, find the maximum P that it can carry at its
midspan.
solution
200b f 200(368.80)
LC    4683.76mm  L
Fy 248
138000 A f 138000(368.8)(18)
Lu    10373.35mm  L
dFy 356.1(248)
therefore : L  Lu , Case 3 or 4
(d  2t f ) [356.1  2(18)]
A  bf t f  t w  368.8(18)  (11 .2)  7235.92mm 2
6 6
t f (b f ) 3 1 d  2t f 18(368) 3
1[356.1  2(18)]
I  ( )(t w ) 
3
 (11 .2) 3
12 12 6 12 12(6)
I  75.24 x(10) 6 mm 4

I 75.24(10) 6
rt    101.97mm
A 7235.92
L 12000
  117.68
rt 101.97
 703000Cb 703000(1)
  53.34
Fy 248
3520000Cb 3520000(1)
  119.14
Fy 248
703000Cb L 3520000Cb
53.34  117.68  119 .14  
Fy rt Fy

 L
2

 Fy   
2  rt    2 248(117.68) 2 
a) Fb    6  Fy    6  248  84.6 MPa
3 10.55 x10 Cb  3 10.55 x(10) (1) 
 
 
83x103 Cb A f 83(10) 3 (1) 368.8 (18)
Fb    128.94MPa Use
Ld 12000(356.1)
0.6 Fy  0.6(248)  148.8MPa Fb  128.94 MPa
Ix = 415815 x 103 mm4
d = 356.1 mm c =356.1/2=178.05mm

Ix 415815(10) 3
M  Fb  6
128.94  301.12kN .m
c 178.05(10)
PL
M 
4
P (12)
301.12 
4
P  100.37 kN
Problem
 A WF section carries a uniformly distributed load of 30 kN/m
including its own weight and a concentrated load of P acting at
the midspan. If the beam is laterally unsupported, determine
the safe value of P when
a) L = 3.0 m b) L =6.0m c) L = 8.0 m d) L = 10 m
Properties of WF 410 x 114
A = 14600 mm² d = 420 mm bf = 261 mm tf = 19.33 mm
tw = 11.6 mm Sx = 2000 x 10³ mm³ Sy = 439 x 10³ mm³
Fy = 248 MPa
a) L = 3 m
200b f 200(261)
LC    3314.7 mm  L
Fy 248
Fb  0.66 Fy  0.66(248)  163.68MPa
2000(10)3
M  Fb S x  163.68 6
 327.36kN .m
(10)
PL wL2
M 
4 8
P (3) 30(3) 2
327.36  
4 8
P  391.48kN

b) L = 6 m
138000A f 138000(261)(19.33)
Lu    6684.22mm 3314.7  6000  6684.22
dFy 420(248)
LC  L  Lu
 Fb  0.60 Fy  0.6( 248)  148.8MPa
2000(10) 3
M  Fb S x  148.8 6
 297.6kN .m
(10)
PL wL2
M 
4 8
P (6) 30(6) 2
297.6  
4 8
P  108.12kN

c) L = 8 m
(d  2t f ) [420  2(19.33)]
A  bf t f  t w  261(19.33)  (11.6)  5782.39mm 2
6 6
t f (b f ) 3 1 d  2t f 19.33( 261) 3
1[420  2(19.33)]
I  ( )(t w ) 
3
 (11.6) 3
12 12 6 12 12(6)
I  27.33x(10) 6 mm 4
 I 27.33(10) 6
rt    68.74mm
A 5782.39
L 8000
  116.36
rt 68.74
703000Cb 703000(1)
  53.34
Fy 248

3520000Cb 3520000(1)
  119.14
Fy 248
703000Cb L 3520000Cb
53.34  116.36  119.14  
Fy rt Fy

 L
2

 Fy   
2  rt    2 248(116.36) 2 
a) Fb    6  Fy    6  248  86.4 MPa
3 10.55 x10 Cb  3 10.55 x(10) (1) 
 
 
 83 x103 Cb A f 83 x103 (1)261(19.33)
Fb    124.63MPa Use
Ld (8000)( 420)
0.6(248)  143.8MPa Fb  124.63MPa

2000(10) 3
M  Fb S x  124.63 6
 249.26kN .m
(10)
PL wL2
M 
4 8
P (8) 30(8) 2
249.26  
4 8
P  4.63kN

d) L = 10 m
L 10000
  145.47
rt 68.74
145.47  119 .14
  L
2

 Fy   
2  rt    2 248(145.47) 2 
a) Fb    6  Fy    6  248  41.98MPa
3 10.55 x10 Cb  3 10.55 x(10) (1) 
 
 
3 3
1170 x10 Cb 1170 x(10) (1)
b) Fb  2
 2
 55.29 MPa
L (145.47)
 
 rt 
0.6(248)  143.8MPa UseFb  55.29 MPa

2000(10) 3
M  Fb S x  55.29 6
 110.58kN .m
(10)
PL wL2
M 
4 8
P (10) 30(10) 2
110.58  
4 8
P  105.77kN The beam is not adequate to support the 30 kN/m
Uniform load hence no additional load can be applied
 Plate No. 1

1. Compute the resisting moment of a W530x 290 with

a) Fy = 248 MPa b) Fy = 345 MPa
Assume the section has full lateral support for its
compression flange.
Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A = 9484 mm2 Ix = 4.096 x 108 mm4
d = 529 mm Sx = 1.54 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.65 mm rx = 134 mm
bf = 166 mm ry = 77mm
tf = 16.51 mm Sy = 4.78 x 105 mm3
Iy = 7.29 x 109 mm4
2. A WF section carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m
including its own weight and a concentrated load of P acting at the
third points of the beam. If the beam is laterally unsupported,
determine the safe value of P when
a) L = 3.6 m b) L =6.2m c) L = 7.8 m d) L = 10.2 m
Properties of WF 542 x 124
A = 19226 mm² d = 542 mm bf = 312 mm tf = 20.32 mm
tw = 12.7 mm Sx = 3720 x 10³ mm³ Sy = 639 x 10³ mm³
Fy = 248 MPa
Steel and Timber Design
Midterm Exam
I
A simply supported beam having a span of 4m carries a concentrated load at the midspan.
The beam is a wide flange section W14 x 90, the properties of which are

Ix = 415815 x 103 mm4 Wt = 134.5 kg/m

d = 356.1 mm
tw = 11.2 mm
bf = 368.8 mm
tf = 18 mm
Assuming full lateral support, compute the maximum value of P when
a) Fy = 248 MPa b) Fy = 345 MPa
Neglect the weight of the beam
 II
A WF section carries a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m including its own
weight and a concentrated load of P acting at the third points of the beam. If the
beam is laterally unsupported, determine the safe value of P when
a) L = 2.4 m b) L =4.2m c) L = 6.0 m
Properties of WF 300 x 42
d = 300 mm bf = 200 mm tf = 13.11 mm
tw = 7.47 mm Ix = 120.75 x 106 mm4 Fy = 250 MPa

III
A simple beam is made up of W640 x 153 (Fy = 248 MPa) and is 6m long.
the bearing length at the support is120mm and at the concentrated load is 150mm.
A load P acting in the plane of the web is acting at the midspan. tw = 12.7mm, tf = 18.6
mm d = 641 and k = 43.2 mm.
Neglecting the weight of the beam determine the following:
a) maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web yielding
b )maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web crippling
c) maximum value of P the member could carry
a)
Concentrated Load
R
 0.66 Fy
t w (N  5k)
P
 0.66(248)
12.7[150  5(43.2)]
P  760,817 N

Re action
R
 0.66 Fy
t w ( N  2.5k )
P
 0.66(248)
2(12.7)[120  2.5(43.2)]
P  947.903.6 N
Use
P  760,817 N
 N t w 1.5 Fywt f
R  177.2(t w ) {1  3( )( ) }
2

d tf tw
150 12.7 1.5 248(18.6)
P  177.2(12.7) [1  3(
2
)( ) ]
641 18.6 12.7
P  760,391.10 N
SHEAR STRESS FOR BEAMS
The allowable shear stress for rolled and fabricated shapes
may be taken as

Fv = 0.4Fy
The effective area in resisting shear is taken as the overall
depth times the web thickness

Av = d tw
Therefore, V
fv   Fv
d  tw
The shear stress distribution across any section subjected to bending can
be computed using the equation
VQ
fv 
Ib
Example

 What is the span length L and the uniformly distributed load w (excluding the beam
weight) for a beam of A36 steel (Fy = 248 MPa) shown such that either Fv or Fb
will control? The beam is restrained against lateral buckling only at the supports.

W14 x 90 section properties:

Ix = 415815 x 103 mm4 Wt = 134.5 kg/m
d = 356.1 mm bf = 368.8 mm
tw = 11.2 mm tf = 18 mm
W14 x 90

W kN/m

L
 WL
Max Shear V Bending
2
d

Max Moment WL2 Fb  M 2

M  Ix
8
Md
Shear V Subject 0.6 Fy 
FV  To checking
2I x
d  tw
WL2 (356.1)(10) 6
V 0.6(248) 
0.4 Fy  2(8)(415815)(10) 3
dt w
WL2  2780.04 W in kN/m, L in M
WL(1000)
0.4(248)  WL( L)  2780.04
2(356.1)(11 .2)
791.28L  2780.04
WL  791.28  EQ.1 W in kN/m, L in M
L  3.51m
 Check
200b f 200(368.8)
LC    4683.7mm  L Beam is laterally supported
Fy 248

Md
Adjust Fb = 0.66Fy 0.66 Fy 
2I x
WL2 (356.1)(10) 6
0.66(248) 
2(8)(415815)(10) 3
WL2  3058.04
WL( L)  3058.04
791.28L  3058.04
L  3.86m  4683.7 mm
UseL  3.86m
WL  791.28
3.86W  791.28
W  205kN / m
Examples
Compute the shear capacity of a wide flange section having a flange
thickness of 10 mm, flange width of 200 mm, and web thickness of 20
mm. Distance from top to bottom of the flange is 300 mm. Fy = 300
MPa
Given :
bf  200 mm, t f  10 mm , t w  20 mm, d  300 mm
Fy  300 MPa
V
FV 
d  tw
V
0.4 Fy 
dt w
V
0.4(300) 
300(20)
V  720000 N  720kN
A structural steel I – beam is subject to a shear of 90 kN. The top
and bottom flanges are 12 mm by 150 mm, the web 9 mm by 300
mm. The moment of inertia I about the nuetral axis is 108,000,000
mm4 and the first moment of area Q about the nuetral axis is
382,050 mm³. Determine the maximum shearing stress in the beam.

Location of 150
Maximum shearing
stress 12 VQ
fv 
9 300
Ib
N.A
Solution

V  90kN  90,000 N
Q  382,050mm3
I  108,000,000mm4

b  9mm
VQ
f v max 
Ib
90,000(382,050)
f v max   35.375MPa
108,000,000(9)
LOCAL WEB YIELDING
Local web yeilding occurs when a concentrated load is applied normal to
one flange and symmetric to the web. Such concentrated load may
occur at a reaction point or a column or beam framing into a supporting
girder. The NSCP code requires that the compressive stress at the web
toe of the fillet, resulting from concentrated loads or end reactions not
supported by bearing stiffeners, shall not exceed 0.66y; otherwise
bearing stiffeners shall be provided

For interior loads applied at a distance x greater

than d from the end of the member
R
 0.66 Fy
t w (N  5k)
For end reactions
R
 0.66 Fy
t w (N  2.5k)
 R
x
k

N+2.5k N + 5k
d
Toe of
fillet
k

R
N

R = concentrated load or reaction, N

tw = thickness of web, mm
N = length of bearing (not less than k for end reactions), mm
k = distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet, mm
 WEB CRIPPLING
Section 511.2.4 of NSCP specifies that bearing stiffeners shall be
provided in the webs of members under concentrated loads, when
the compressive force exceeds the following limits

When the concentrated load is applied at a distance not less than d/2 from the
end of the member

N t Fyw t f
R  177.2(t w ) {1  3( )( ) }
2 w 1.5
d tf tw
When the concentrated load is applied at a distance less
than d/2 from the end of the member

N t w 1.5 Fywt f
R  89.3(t w ) {1  3( )( ) }
2

d tf tw

R = concentrated load or reaction, N

tw = thickness of web, mm
N = length of bearing (not less than k for end reactions), mm
tf = flange thickness (mm)
Fyw = yield stress of the web (MPa)
d = depth of the member (mm)
 Example
The beam shown is made up of W840 x 193 (Fy = 248 MPa) and is 8m
long.The bearing length at the support is100mm and at the
Concentrated load is 120mm. A load P acting in the plane of the web is acting
at the midspan.tw = 14.7mm,tf= 21.7 mm , d = 840.5 and k = 42.2 mm.
Neglecting the weight of the beam determine the following:
a) maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web yielding
b )maximum value of P so that the member is safe against web crippling
c) maximum value of P the member could carry
P

W W840 x 193

8m
a)
Concentrated Load
R
 0.66 Fy
t w (N  5k)
P
 0.66(248)
14.7[120  5(42.2)]
P  796417.78 N

Re action
R
 0.66 Fy
t w ( N  2.5k )
P
 0.66(248)
2(14.7)[100  2.5(42.2)]
P  988905.46 N
Use
P  796417.78 N
 b)

N t w 1 .5 Fywt f
R  177.2(t w ) {1  3( )( ) }
2

d tf tw
120 14.7 1.5 248(21.7)
P  177.2(14.7) [1  3(
2
)( ) ]
840.5 21.7 14.7
P  907611 .26 N

c) P =796417.78N
BEAM BEARING PLATE
When the ends of beams are supported by direct bearing on concrete or
other masonry construction it is frequently necessary to distribute the
beam reactions over the masonry by means of beam bearing plates. The
reaction is assumed to be spread uniformly through the bearing plate to
the masonry and the masonry is assumed to push up against the plate with
a uniform pressure equal to fp.
MASONRY BEARING
In the absence of Code regulations the following stresses apply:
On sandstone and limestone………………. Fp = 2.76 MPa
On brick in cement………………………….. Fp = 1.72 MPa
On the full area of a concrete support…….. Fp = 0.35fc’
On less than the full area of a concrete support A2
Fp  0.35 fc'  0.7 Fc '
A1
Where fc’ = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa
A1 = bearing area, mm2
A2 = full cross-sectional area of concrete support, mm2

Bearing Plate Dimension

R
Fp 
BN
Where :
Fp = allowable bearing stress at the support (MPa)
R = support reaction (N)
B = width of the bearing plate
N = length of the bearing plate which must be
checked for web crippling and web yeilding
 Bearing Plate thickness

fp
t  2n
Fy
k

Where : Critical section

fp = actual bearing stress for bending of the
Fy = yield stress of the bearing plate plate
n = B/2 – k k same as in web yielding

fp
Allowable bending stress in the plate
Fb = 0.75Fy n
B
Example
As shown in the figure, a W section is to be supported at the end by
a masonry wall which has an allowable bearing strength of 1.72
MPa. If Fy = 248 MPa , bf = 190.88 mm,k = 37.5 mm , tw = 12.38
mm, d=456 mm, determine the following:
a) The required dimension of the bearing plate if the ratio of the length
of bearing: plate to its width is approximately 2/3.
b) The required thickness of the bearing plate
W = 35 kN/m (including beam Wt)

9m
R R
solution wL 35(9)
R   157.5kN
2 2
2
B N
3 Check for web yielding
R
A R
FP  0.66( Fy )
t w ( N  2.5k )
R
BN  R
FP  0.66(248)
2 R 12.38[370  2.5(37.5)]
NN 
3 FP R  939723N  939.72kN  157.5kN o.k
2 2 157.5(1000)
N 
3 1.72
N  370mm
2
B  (370)  246.67 say 250 mm
3
try 250 mm x 370 mm bearing plate
Actual Bearing stress
R
fp 
BN
157.5(1000)
fp   1.7 MPa
250(370)
B
n  k
2
250
n  37.5  87.5mm
2
fp
t  2n
Fy
1.7
t  2(87.5)  14.49 mm say 16 mm
248

Use 250 mm x 370 mm x 16 mm plate

AXIALLY LOADED COLUMNS
A column is a compression member the length of which is several times
greater than its least dimension.
Columns can be classified as short or long depending on the value of its
slenderness ratio. When the slenderness ratio is less than a certain
limiting value, the column is considered short and it fails by crushing;
otherwise, it is a long column and fails by stresses that result from
bending or buckling.
The limiting slenderness ratio can be determined using the Euler’s
formula:
 2E
From   2
(Euler's Formula)
 Le 
 
 r 

 2E
limiting slenderness ratio 
 yp
The Euler’s formula when plotted, gives us the graph as shown.
σ

Proportional limit

Le/r
Limiting slenderness ratio

As indicated in the graph, the Euler’s formula is applicable only for kL/r
value not less than the limiting slenderness ratio
kL  2E P  2 Er 2
when  , 
r  yp A le
 2E I
 2
r
 e
L A
 
 r 
 2 EI
P 2
le
On the other hand, when kL/r value is less than the limiting
slenderness ratio, the allowable axial stress at the proportional
limit is simply equal to the axial load divided by the cross-
sectional area of the member

kL  2E
when 
r  yp
P

A
AISC Specifications
Limiting Slenderness Ratio
2 2 E
cc 
Fy
Le
If  Cc (Intermediate Column)
r
  Le  2 
    F
r
Fa  1   2  y
 2Cc  FS
 
 
3
L  L 
3 e   e 
5 r r
Where FS       3
3 8Cc 8Cc
Le
If  Cc (Long Column)
r
12 2 E
Fa  2
 
L
23 e 
 r 
For both cases
P
Fa 
A
 BUCKLING FACTORS K

L L L L

Both ends Fixed Both ends hinged One end hinged One end free
0ne end fixed 0ne end fixed
k = 0.5 k = 1.00 k = 0.7 k = 2.0
Analysis of axially loaded column using AISC Specifications
Given: P, E, Fy,k, Properties of section
Solution
1. Locate the centroid of the section A y   ay
2. Compute the least moment of inertia I   (I  Ad 2 )
I
3. Solve for the least radius of gyration r 
A
Le
4. Solve for the slenderness ratio L e  kL,
r
2 2 E
5. Solve for C C 
Fy
 Le
6. If  Cc (Intermediate Column)
r
  Le  2 
    F
r
Fa  1   2 
y

 2Cc  FS
 
 
3
 Le   Le 
3   
5 r r
Where FS       3
3 8Cc 8Cc
Le
If  Cc (Long Column)
r
12 2 E
Fa  2
 Le 
23 
 r 
7. Solve for column Capacity
PC  AFa  P
Example
Find the maximum axial load that the W200 x 46 column
can safely carry if its effective length is 6m. Fy = 248
MPa and E = 200 GPa.
Section Properties
A = 5860 mm2
I = 15.3 x 106 mm4
r = 51.1 mm
Le 6000
  117 .42
r 51.1

2 2 E 2 2 200000
Cc  
Fy 248

Cc  126.17 Le Le 3
3( ) 1( ) 3
5 5 3(117 . 42) 1(117 .42 )
FS   r  r 3    3
 1.91
3 8Cc 8Cc 3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
Le
 Cc  Le 2 
 ( r )  Fy  (117 .42) 2  248
r Fa  1  2 
 1 
2Cc  FS  2(126.17)  1.91 2
 73.61MPa

 
73.61
P  AFa  5860  431.35kN
1000
Problem
 A W 310 x 118 section with a length of 8.0 m is used as a column.
Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using AISC
specifications with Fy = 345 MPa when:
a) column ends are fixed
b) one end of the column is fixed; the other free

Properties of W 310 x 118

A = 15000 mm²
rx = 136 mm
ry = 77.6 mm
column ends are fixed
k  0.5, L e  0.5(8000)  4000mm
Le 4000
  51.55
r 77.6
2 2 E 2 2 200000
Cc    106.97
Fy 345
Le L
) 1( e ) 3
3(
5 r r 5 3(51.55) 1(51.55) 3
FS    3
   3
 1.83
3 8Cc 8Cc 3 8(106.97) 8(106.97)
 Le 2 
 ( )  F  2
 345
r y (51 .55)
Fa  1  2 
 1  2
 166.63MPa
 2Cc  FS  2(106.97)  1.83
 
166.63
P  AFa  15000  2499.5kN
1000
0ne end fixed, one end free
k  2.0, L e  2.0(8000)  16000mm
Le 16000
  206.18
r 77.6
2 2 E 2 2 200000
Cc    106.97
Fy 345

Le
 Cc (Long Column)
r
12 2 E 12 2 200000
Fa  2
 2
 24.23MPa
 Le  23(206.18)
23 
 r 
24.23
PC  15000  363.4kN
1000
Problem
A W 530 x 290 section with 180 mm x 20 mm plate placed on the top of
the flange as shown is used as a column with a length of 8.0 m
Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using AISC
specifications with Fy = 345 MPa when: a) column ends are fixed b)
column ends are hinged
Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A = 9484 mm2 Ix = 4.096 x 108 mm4
d = 529 mm Sx = 1.54 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.65 mm rx = 134 mm
bf = 166 mm ry = 77mm
tf = 16.51 mm Sy = 4.78 x 105 mm3
Iy = 39.67 x 106 mm4
 180

20

529

Section a y ay
180x20 3600 10 36000
529
W530 x 290 9484  20  284.5 2,698,198
2
A  13084  ay  2,734,198
A y   ay
13084 y  2,734,198
y  208.97
 180
y
20
y  208.97 198.97

x
75.53
529
340.03
264.5

I x   ( I  Ad 2 )
bh3
Ix  ( ) Plate  Aplate d plate  I xW  AW dW
12
180(20) 3
Ix   36000(198.97) 2  4.09 x108  9484(75.53) 2
12
I x  1,889 x106 mm 4
 180
y
20
y  208.97 198.97

x
75.53
529
340.03
264.5

bh 3
Iy  ( ) Plate  I yW
12
20(180) 3
Iy   39.67 x10 6
12
I y  47.39 x10 6 mm 3 Use I  47.39x106 mm 4
I 47.39(10) 6
least radius of gyration r    60.18mm
A 13084
column ends are fixed
k  0.5, L e  0.5(8000)  4000mm
Le 4000
  66.47
r 60.18
2 2 E 2 2 200000
Cc    106.97
Fy 345
Le L
) 1( e ) 3
3(
5 r r 5 3(66.47) 1(66.47) 3
FS    3
   3
 1.87
3 8Cc 8Cc 3 8(106.97) 8(106.97)
 Le 2 
 ( )  F  2
 345
r y ( 66.47 )
Fa  1  2 
 1  2
 148.87 MPa
 2Cc  FS  2(106.97)  1.87
 
148.87
P  AFa  13084  1947.82kN
1000
column ends are hinged
k  1.0 L e  (8000)  8000mm
Le 8000
  132.93
r 60.18
2 2 E 2 2 200000
Cc    106.97
Fy 345
12 2 E 12 2 200000
Fa    58.28MPa
Le 2 23(132.93) 2
23( )
r
58.28
P  AFa  13084  762.53kN
1000
Plate # 2: Axially Loaded Columns

A W 14 x 120 section with a length of 7.5 m is used as a column.

Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using AISC
specifications with Fy = 248 MPa when:
a) column ends are fixed
b) one end of the column is fixed; the other free
c) both ends are hinged

Properties of W 14 x 120
A = 22774 mm²
rx = 158.81 mm
ry = 95.12 mm
 II
The W section is reinforced at top and bottom flanges by a 250 mm
wide by 16 mm thick plate is used as a column with with a length of
5.0 m. Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using
AISC specifications with Fy = 345 MPa when:
a) column ends are fixed
b) one end of the column is fixed; the hinged
c) both ends are hinged 200 mm

13.41

t w  8.08mm 250 mm
 Axially Loaded Columns with
Unsymmetrical Sections
 It is known that a column, when axially loaded, will tend to
buckle about its weakest axis. For columns with unsymmetrical
sections, there is a need to find the least value of radius of
gyration and thus, the concept of Mohr’s circle is used.

Problem

A section has the following properties:

A = 22000 mm2, Ix = 50 x 106 mm4,
Iy = 80 x 106 mm4 and Pxy = 20 x 106 mm4
Pyx = -20 x 106 mm4
Find the minimum and maximum radius of gyration.
Example
Determine the maximum safe capacity of an axially
loaded hinged ends column having an unsupported
length of 4m. Fy = 248 MPa and E = 200 GPa. Use
AISC Specifications.
100
25

175

25
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMNS
Calculation of Stress
The stress at any point in a member subject to axial and bending stress is
obtained from the formula

P M xC y M y C x
fa   
A Ix Iy

Sign Convention: Compression = Positive(+), Tension = Negative (-)

NSCP SPECIFICATIONS
Members subjected to both axial compression and bending stresses shall
be proportioned to satisfy the following requirements:

fa
1. When  0.15
Fa
f a f bx f by
   1.0
Fa Fbx Fby
fa
2. When  0.15
Fa
fa Cmx f bx Cmx f by
Stability requirement (a)    1.0
Fa 1  f a F  fa 
 F '  bx  1   Fby
 ex   F ' ey 

fa f bx f by
Strength requirement (b)    1.0
0.60 Fy Fbx Fby
Where:
fa = computed axial stress, MPa
fb = computed compressive stress at the point
under consideration, MPa
Fa = axial compressive stress that would be permitted if axial force
alone existed, MPa
Fb = allowable bending stress

12 2 E
F 'e  2
MPa
23 b b 
k L
 rb 
Subscript ‘b’ indicates corresponding values about the axis of bending
  Cm Values
1) For compression members in frames subject to joint translation (sidesway)
Cm = 0.85
2) For restrained compression members in frames braced against joint translation
and not subject to transverse loading between their supports in the plane of
bending
M1
Cm  0.60  0.40  0.40
M2
Where M1/M2 is the ratio of the smaller to larger moments at the
ends of that portion of the member unbraced in the plane of
bending under consideration. M1/M2 is positive when the member is
bent in reverse curvature, negative when bent in single curvature
3) For compression members in frames braced against joint translation in the plane
of loading and subjected to transverse loading between their supports, the value
of Cm may be determined by rational analysis. However, in lieu of such
analysis, the following values may be used:
a) For members whose ends are restrained
Cm = 0.85
b) For members whose ends are unrestrained
Cm = 1.0
Example

A W250 x 167 section is used as a column of hinged ends with a length of

6m. To what extent along the plane of the web could an eccentric load of
200 kN be placed. Fy = 248 MPa and E = 200 GPa. Use the formula for
combined stress.
W250 x 167 properties:
A = 21300 mm2
Sx = 2080 x 103 mm3
rx = 119 mm
Sy = 746 x 103 mm3
ry = 68.10 mm
ACTUAL AXIAL STRESS

P 200(1000)
fa    9.39MPa
A 21300
Le  kL  1.0(6000)  6000
Le 6000
  88.11
r 68.10
2 2 E 2 2 200000
Cc    126.17
Fy 248
Le L
3() 1( e )3 3
5 5 3(88 .11) 1(88 . 11)
FS   r  r 3    3
 1.88
3 8Cc 8Cc 3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
 Le 2 
 ( r )  Fy  (88.11) 2  248
Fa  1  2 
 1  2
 99.75MPa
 2Cc  FS  2(126.17)  1.88
 
Fb  0.6 Fy  0.6( 248)  148.8MPa
M  Pe  200000e e in mm, M is in N.mm
M 200000e
fb   3
S x 2080(10)
fa 9.39
  0.09  0.15
Fa 99.75
fa fb
  1.0
Fa Fb
9.39 200000e
 3
 1 .0
99.75 2080(10) (148)
e  1394.31mm
 Problem
A steel column 3.6 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
Carry an axial load of 1000 kN. The column is subject to end moments
(reverse curvature with M1 = 90%M2). The allowable axial stress is
115 MPa and the allowable bending stress is 149 MPa. Fy =248 MPa
The properties of the section are:
A=13000 mm2, Sx=120,000 mm3, rx = 94mm
Determine the following
a) The computed actual axial stress
b) The computed bending stress
c) moment capacity of the column
a) actual axial stress
P 1000(1000)
fa    76.92 MPa
A 13000
fa 76.92
  0.669  0.15
Fa 115
 stability requirement
M1
Cm  0.60  0.40
M2
0.9 M 2
Cm  0.6  0.4  0.24  0.4 Use C m  0.40
M2
12 2 E 12 2 (200000)
F 'e    702.16 MPa
 
2
1[3600] 2
23 kL  23( )
 rx  94
fa Cm f b
  1.0
Fa 1  f a F
 F '  b
 e

76.92 0.4 f b
 1
115  76.92 
1  149
 702.16 
f b  109.83MPa
strength requirement
fa fb
  1.0
0.6 Fy Fb
76.72 fb
 1
0.6(248) 149
f b  71.98MPa use f b  71.98MPa
c) Moment Capacity
120000
M  f b Sx  71.98 6
 8.64kN.m
(10)
 Problem
A steel column 6 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
carry an axial compressive load of 880 kN and a moment of 330 kN.m.
about its strong axis. The column is subjected to sidesway. Fy= 248 MPa
Analyze the adequacy of the column.

The properties of the section are:

A=22774 mm2, Sx=3,123,399 mm3, rx = 158.81mm

Sy=1,105,931 mm3, ry = 95.12mm
Ix = 574.4 x106 mm4, Iy = 206.035 x 106 mm4, Wt= 179.14 kg/m
bf=376.6 mm, tf= 23.9 mm, tw=15 mm, d = 367.8 mm, rt = 102.62 mm
 actual axial stress
P 880(1000)
fa    38.64MPa
A 22774
Le  kL  1.0(6000)  6000
Le 6000
  63.08
r 95.12
2 2 E 2 2 200000
Cc    126.17
Fy 248
Le L
) 1( e ) 3
3( 3
5 5 3 ( 63. 08) 1( 63.08)
FS   r  r 3    3
 1.84
3 8Cc 8Cc 3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
 Le 2 
 ( r )  Fy  (63.08) 2  248
Fa  1  2 
 1  2
 117 .94MPa
 2Cc  FS  2(126.17)  1.84
 
f a 38.64
  0.33  0.15
Fa 117 .94

Cm  0.85
12 2 E 12 2 (200000)
F 'e    721.5 MPa
 
2
1[6000] 2
23 kL  23( )
 rx  158.81
M 330(10) 6
fb    105.65MPa
S x 3,123,399
200b f 200(376.6)
LC    4782mm
Fy 248

138000 A f 138000(376.6)(23.9)
Lu    13617mm
dFy 367.8(248)
Fb  0.6 Fy  0.6(248)  148.8MPa
 fa Cm f b
  1.0
Fa 1  f a F
 F '  b
 e 
38.64 0.85(105.65)
  0.96 adequate as to stability requirement
117.94  38.64 
1  148.8
 721.5 
fa f
 b  1.0
0.6Fy Fb
38.64 105.65
  0.97 adequate as to strength requirement
0.6(248) 148.8
 Problem
A steel column 5.0 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
carry an eccentric load of 250 kN acting 250 mm and 150 mm
from the x and y axis as shown in the figure. The column is subject to
joint translation. The allowable bending stress about the x axis and y axis
is 0.6Fy. Analyze the adequacy of the column to support the given load and
moments. Neglect the weight of the column.
y 150 mm
P = 250 kN

15.39 250 mm

300 mm
t w  9.91mm
x

300 mm
 y 150 mm
P = 250 kN

15.39 250 mm

300 mm
t w  9.91mm
x

300 mm

A  2(300)15.39  9.91(300 - 215.39 )  11,901 mm 2

300(300) 3 (300  9.91)
Ix    300  2(15.39) 3  203.39 x106 mm 4
12 12
(15.39)(300) 3  300  2(15.39) (9.91) 3
Iy  2   69.28 x106 mm 4
12 12
 Ix 203.29(10) 6
rx    130.7 mm
A 11901

Iy 69.28(10) 6
ry    76.3mm
A 11901
P 250(1000)
fa    21 MPa
A 11901

Le  kL  1.0(5000)  5000
Le 5000
  65.53
r 76.3

2 2 E 2 2 200000
Cc    126.17
Fy 248
 Le Le 3
3( ) 1( ) 3
5 5 3( 65.53) 1( 65.53)
FS   r  r 3    3
 1.84
3 8Cc 8Cc 3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
 Le 2 
 ( r )  Fy  (65.53) 2  248
Fa  1  2 
 1  2
 116 .6MPa
 2Cc  FS  2(126.17)  1.84
 
fa 21
  0.18  0.15
Fa 116 .6
Cmx  Cm y  0.85
Fbx  Fby  0.6 Fy  0.6(248)  148.8MPa

12 2 E 12 2 (200000)

F 'ex  2
 2
 703.7 MPa
23 kL   1(5000) 
23 
 rx   130.7 
 12 2 E 12 2 (200000)
F 'ey  2
 2
 239.83 MPa
 kL   1(5000) 
23  23 
 ry  76.3 
ex  250mm e y  150mm
250(250)
M x  Pex   62.5kN .m
1000
250(150)
M y  Pe y   37.5kN .m
1000
c x  c y  150mm
M x c x 62.5(10) 6 (150)
f bx   6
 46.12 MPa
Ix 203.29(10)
M ycy 37.5(10) 6 (150)
f by   6
 81.19 MPa
Iy 69.28(10)
stability requiremen t
fa Cmx f bx Cmx f by
   1.0
Fa 1  f a F  fa 
 F '  bx 1  F '  Fby
 ex   ey 

21 0.85(46.12) 0.85(81.19)
   0.96 o.k for stability
116.6  21   21 
1  148.8 1  148.8
 703.71   239.82 
strength requiremen t
fa f bx f by
   1 .0
0.60 Fy Fbx Fby
21 46.12 81.19
   1.0 ok for strength
0.6(248) 148.8 148.8
section is adequate to support given load and moments
 Plate # 3 Eccentrically loaded column
A steel column 4.5 m long and hinged at both ends is used to
carry an eccentric load of 200 kN acting 200 mm and 100 mm
from the x and y axis as shown in the figure. The column is subject to
joint translation. The allowable bending stress about the x axis and y axis
is 0.6Fy. Analyze the adequacy of the column to support the given load and
moments. Neglect the weight of the column.

100 mm
P = 200 kN
200 mm

13.41 200 mm

t w  8.08mm 250 mm
N.A

13.41
TENSION MEMBERS
Whenever a member is subjected to a tensile force and assuming tension governs,
the member will fail at the critical section. This critical section is the path across the
section that produces the minimum area.
ALLOWABLE STRESS (NSCP sec 4.5.1.1)
Except for pin-connected members
Ft = 0.60Fy on gross area
Ft = 0.50Fu on effective net area
For pin-connected members
Ft = 0.45Fy on the net area
The net area is equal to the gross area of a member section less the area

of holes along the same section.

The net area should not be greater than 85 percent of the gross area.
The hole diameter is taken as the rivet or bolt diameter plus 3mm.
EFFECTIVE NET AREA (NSCP Sec. 4.14.2.2)
The effective net area, Ae, of axially loaded tension members, where the
load is transmitted by bolts or rivets through some but not all of the cross-
sectional elements of the members, shall be computed from the formula

Ae = CtAn
where An = net area of the member
Ct = a reduction coefficient

The following values of Ct shall be used in computations:

1. Equal or unequal leg angles connected by one leg to a plate
Ct = 0.90
2. W, M, or S shapes with flange widths not less than 2/3 the depth, and
structural tees cut from the shapes, provided the connection is to the
flanges and has no fewer than 3 fasteners per line in the direction of stress
Ct = 0.90
3. W, M, or S shapes not meeting the conditions of subparagraph 2, structural
tees cut from these shapes, and all other shapes including built up cross
sections provided the connection has not less than 3 fasteners per line in
the direction of stress.
Ct = 0.85
4. All members whose connections have only 2 fasteners per line in the
direction of stress
Ct = 0.75

MAXIMUM STRESS RATIO (NSCP Sec. 4.8.4)

The slenderness ratio, L/r, of tension members, other than rods, preferably
should not exceed
a) For main members……………….. 240
b) For lateral bracing members and other
secondary members……….300
Example
Determine the safe load that could be carried by the main tension member
shown. Its cross section has 2 rivet holes in each flange. Also determine
the permissible unsupported length of the member. Rivet diameter is 22
mm. Fy = 248 MPa and Fu = 400 MPa. Ct = 0.85
300 mm

25 mm

20 mm
350 mm

25 mm
A g  2(300)25  300( 20)  21000mm 2
Net Area
A n  21000  4(22  3)  20900mm 2
85% of gross area  0.85(21000)  17850mm2
Use A n  17850mm 2
Effective net area
A e  Ct An  0.85(17850)  15172.5mm 2
Tensile Capacity
0.6( 248)21000
a) P  Ft Ag  0.6 Fy Ag   3124.8kN
1000
0.5(400)15172.5
b) P  Ft Ae  0.5 Fu Ae   3034.5kN
1000
Use P  3034.5 kN
300(350)3 280(300) 3
I   441.874 x106 mm 4
12 12
 I 441.875(10) 6
r   145.06
A 21000
Maximum Permissible unsupported length
L
 240
r
L  240r
240(145.06)
L  34.81m
1000
MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL TENSION
AND BENDING
NSCP Specifications
Members subjected to both axial tension and bending shall satisfy
the formula
fa fbx f by
   1.0
0.60Fy Fbx Fby

Where fb is the computed bending tensile stress.

The computed bending compressive stress, however, shall not exceed
the applicable values for beams subject to pure bending only.
BEAMS SUBJECT TO UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING

When a beam is subjected to a normal load causing bending on the

x axis and a tangential load causing bending along the y axis, it is
said that the member is subject to unsymmetrical bending.
FN
FN

FT
Mx
FT Mx

My My
The following expression can be written for the stress at
any point on the beam subject to unsymmetrical bending

1. Bending stress
a) Loads passes through the centroid of cross section
FN
M xC x M y C y
fb  
Ix Iy
Mx My
fb  
Sx Sy
M x  moment caused by loads acting perpendicular to the x axis Mx
M y  moment caused by loads acting perpendicular to the y axis
FT
centroid

My
b) Loads passes through the top of the flange
M xC x M y C y
fb  
Ix 2I y
P
Mx My
fb  
S x 2S y Mx
centroid

My
2. Shearing stress
V x Qx V y Q y
fb  
Ixb I yb
Vx  shear caused by loads acting perpendicular to the x axis
Vy  shear caused by loads acting perpendicular to the y axis
3. Deflections
Total deflection
  ( x ) 2  ( y ) 2
 x  delection in the x - direction caused by loads acting
perpendicular to the y axis
 y  deflection in the y - direction caused by loads acting
perpendicular to the x axis

4. Adequacy of beams subject to unsymmetrical bending

a ) bending
M xCx M yC y
1. f b    Fb Fb  allowable bending stress
Ix Iy
or
f bx f by
2.   1.0
Fbx Fby
 or
For compact laterally supported shapes
f bx f by
3.   1 .0
0.66Fy 0.75 Fy

b) Shear
V x Qx V y Q y
fb    Fv Fv  allowable shearing stress
Ixb I yb

c) deflection
  ( x ) 2  ( y ) 2   allow
 allow  Allowable deflection
Problem
A w 14 x 74 section has a span of 6m. It carries a normal
Concentrated of 105 kN at its midspan and a lateral load of 24 kN
At its midspan which all passes through the centroid of the cross
section. Assume that the beam is fully laterally supported and
Compact. Fy = 248 MPa. Allowable deflection is 1/300 of span.
Analyze the adequacy of the section for bending and deflection.
Neglect the weight of the beam.
Properties of section
Area  14064 mm 2 Sx  1836x103 mm3
depth  359.7 mm Sy  434.4 x10 mm
3 3

Flange width  255.9 mm E  200,000 MPa

 105 kN
Px L 105(6)
Mx    157.5kN .m
4 4
M x 157.5(10) 6
f bx   3
 85.78MPa
S x 1836(10)
Mx
24 kN Py L 24(6)
My    36kN .m
4 4
My 36(10) 6
f by   3
 82.87 MPa
S y 434.4(10)
My
a) adequacy in bending
f bx f by
  1.0
0.66Fy 0.75Fy
85.78 82.87
  0.97  1.0 adequate in bending
0.66( 248) 0.75( 248)
a) adequacy in deflection
x - direction
Py L3 bf 3 255.9
x  Iy  S y  434.4(10)  55.58 x(10) 6 mm 4
48EI y 2 2
24(1000)(6000) 3
x  6
 9.72mm
48(200000)55.58(10)
y - direction
Px L3 d 3 359.7
y  I x  S x  1836(10)  330.2 x(10) 6 mm 4
48EI x 2 2
105(1000)(6000) 3 L 6000
y  6
 7.15mm  allow    20mm
48(200000)330.2(10) 300 300
  ( x ) 2  ( y ) 2   allow
  (9.72) 2  (7.15) 2  12.07 mm  20mm adequate for deflection
Problem:
Solve the previous problem if the lateral load of 24 kN, passes
through the top of the flange.
Py L 24(6)
My    36kN .m
105 kN 4 4
My 36(10) 6
f by   3
 41.44MPa
2S y (2)434.4(10)
24 kN
a) adequacy in bending
f bx f by
  1. 0
0.66Fy 0.75Fy
85.78 41.44
  0.75  1.0
0.66( 248) 0.75(248)
adequate in bending
Design of Purlins
Purlins is a typical example of a beam subject to unsymmetrical bending.They
are assumed to be simple beams with span equal to the distance
between trusses. Loadings consist of the wind load acting normal to
the purlins, weight of roofing and the purlins itself all assumed to pass through
the centroid of the purlins.
WL WR   slope of the roof truss
+
W P
Loads producing Mx and Vx
F N  WN  (WP  WR )Cos
 Loads producing My and Vy
FT  (WP  WR ) Sin
Mx


My
Determination of purlins size
Approximate section modulus
Mx My
Sx  Sy 
0.66 Fy 0.75Fy
allowable bending stress along the stronger axis
bf 170 d 1680
Fbx  0.66 Fy Assuming section is compact satisfied by  and 
2t f Fy tw Fy
Allowable bending stress along the weaker axis
Fby  0.75Fy Note : bending along the stronger axis governs the selection of size
Sag Rods

Sag rods usually compose of reinforcing steel bars act as lateral

Support for the purlins and keep the purlins in proper alignment during
the erection until the roofing is installed. Sag rods reduces the moment
along the minor axis and are computed as follows
a) sag rods are at midspan of the purlins ( one sag rod between trusses)
2
Wy L
My  
32
Sag rods at the third points of the purlins(two sag rods between trusses)
2
Wy L
My  
90
Problem
Select a W section to serve as purlins between roof trusses
Spaced at 7.2 m on centers. Assume all loads passes through the
Centroid of the purlins. Spacing of purlins is 1.4 m on centers. Assume
That the purlins are fully laterally supported and subject to the following
Loads
Roofing and purlins & truss weight = 1440 Pa of roof surface
Rain = 300 Pa of horizontal roof surface
Wind = 720 Pa perpendicular to roof surface
Slope of the roof truss is 1 vertical to 2 horizontal . Sag rods are
Provided at the midpoints of the truss. Fy=248 MPa
Select from any W section listed in the table below

Section depth(mm) Flange thickness

width thickness of web Sx (mm)3 Sy (mm)3
(mm) (mm) (mm)

W 150x8.5 148.08 100.08 4.93 5.12 83246 16551

W 150x12 152.4 101.6 7.08 6.4 128806 24417
W 100x13 105.7 Rain
103.1
Loading 8.77 4.85 89309 30316
Solution
Slope of the roof truss WR  300 H  300(1.25)  375 N / m acting vertically
1 Weight of roofing, truss and purlins
tan    26.60 WP  1440S  1440(1.4)  2016 N / m acting vertically
2
S  1.4 Wind Load
H  1.4Cos 26.60  1.25 WL  720(1.4)  1008 N/m acting perpendicular to the purlins
 N /m
91
8 =23 Wx
100 20 16
+
375


Wy

M x   26.6 0 Mx   26.60

My My
Wx L2 3146(7.2) 2
Mx    20386 N.m
Wx  1008  2391Cos 26.60  3146 N/m 8 8
Wy  2391Sin26.60  1071 N/m Wy L2 1071(7.2) 2
My    1735 N.m
32 32
 Mx 20386(10) 3
Sx    124.55x103 mm3
0.66 Fy 0.66(248)
My 1735(10) 3
Sy    9.33x103 mm3
0.75Fy 0.75( 248)
try w 150 x12 Sx  128.8 x103 mm3 Sy  24.42 x103 mm3
check if section is compact
bf 101.6 170 170 bf 170
  7.18   10.8 
2t f 2(7.08) Fy 248 2t f Fy
d 152.4 1680 1680 d 1680
  23.81   106.68 
tw 6.4 Fy 248 tw Fy
section is compact
Check for adequacy in bending
actual bending stress x axis
M x 20386(10) 3
f bx   3
 158.28 MPa
Sx 128.8(10)
actual bending stress y axis
My 1735(10) 3
f by   3
 71.05
Sy 24.42(10)
f bx f by
  1.0
0.66 Fy 0.75Fy
158.28 71.05
  1.35  1.0 redesign
0.66(248) 0.75(248)
128.8(10)3
 7.86in 3

(25.4) 3
24.42(10) 3
 1. 68in 3

(25.4)3
try W 6 x 16
Properties
b f  102.36 mm t f  10.29mm t w  6.6mm d  159.5 mm
Sx  167.15 x103 mm 3 S y  36.05 x103 mm 3 I x  22.23 x10 6 mm 4
I y  7.12x10 6 mm 4
check if section is compact
bf 102.36 170 170 b 170
  4.97   10.8 f 
2t f 2(10.29) Fy 248 2t f Fy
d 159.5 1680 1680 d 1680
  24.17   106.68 
tw 6.6 Fy 248 tw Fy
section is compact
Check for adequacy in bending
actual bending stress x axis
M x 20386(10) 3
f bx   3
 121.96 MPa
S x 167.15(10)
actual bending stress y axis
My 1735(10) 3
f by   3
 48.13 MPa
Sy 36.05(10)
f bx f by
  1.0
0.66 Fy 0.75Fy
121.96 48.13
  1.0 ok
0.66(248) 0.75(248)
Check for deflection
1071 4
5Wy L4 5( )( 7200)
x   1000  26.32mm
6
384EI y (384)200000(7.12)(10)
5Wx L4 5(3146)(7200) 4
y   6
 24.76mm
384EI x 384(200000)22.23(10)
L 7200
  24 mm Redesign
300 300

try W 8x31
Properties
b f  203 mm t f  11.05mm t w  7.24mm d  200 mm
Sx  450.64 x103 mm3 S y  151.91x103 mm3 I x  45.78 x10 6 mm 4
I y  15.44x106 mm 4
Check for deflection
1071 4
5Wy L 4 5( )(7200)
x   1000  12.14mm
6
384EIy (384)200000(15.44)(10)
5Wx L4 5(3146)(7200) 4
y   6
 12.02mm
384 EI x 384(200000)45.78(10)
  ( x ) 2  ( y ) 2  (12.14) 2  (12.02) 2  17.08mm  24mm safe for deflection

check if section is compact

bf 203 170 170 bf 170
  9.19   10.8 
2t f 2(11 .05) Fy 248 2t f Fy
d 200 1680 1680 d 1680
  27.62   106.68 
t w 7.24 Fy 248 tw Fy
section is compact
Use W 8x31
Design of Beams
Given : Loads and span, Fy , Ws , E , Allowable deflection
Required : Beam section that would satisfy bending, shear and deflection requirements
General Procedure
1. Solve for designing moment M by any method available.
M
2. Assume allowable bending stress Fb and solve for trial section S 
Fb
3. Using tables of properties of structural shapes select section with
the nearest value of S
4. Compute the adjusted design moment by adding the weight of the beam.
5. Veryfy if the section is compact, semi compact
or non compact. Solve for actual allowable bending stress Fb
6. Verify if the section is laterally or not. Solve for Fb
7. Using the lower value of Fb obtained from 5 and 6,
solve for the moment capacity. M c  FbS  M
8. Check for shear and deflection if necessary.
Problem
Design a simply supported steel beam 4.8 m long to support a uniformly
distributed load of 62 kN/m. Fy  248 MPa, Ws  77 kN/m3 , allowable
deflection is 1/300 of span.
WL2 62(4.8) 2
Design Moment M    178.56kN .m
8 8
Re quired Section Modulus
Assumed allowable bending stress of steel Fb  0.6 Fy
M 178.56(10) 6
S   1200x103 mm3
Fb 0.6(248)
S  73.22 in 3
try w 14 x 53
Properties
Area  15.6 sq. in  10064 mm 2 Flange width b f  8.06 in  204 mm
Flange thickness t f  0.66in  16.76mm web thickness t w  0.37 in  9.4mm
77(10064)
S x  77 in 3  1261x103 mm3 weight wt  2
 0.8kN / m
(1000)
depth  13.92in  354mm
 (W  Wt)L2 (62  0.8)( 4.8) 2
Adjusted Moment M    180.86kN .m
8 8
Re quired Section Modulus
M 180.86(10) 6
S   1215.46 x103 mm3  1261x103 mm3
Fb 0.6(248)
Check for compactness
bf 204
  6.09
2t f 2(16.76)
170 170 bf 170
  10.8 
Fy 248 2t f Fy
d 354
  37.66
t w 9.4
1680 1680 d 1680
  106.68  Section is compact Fb  0.66 Fy
Fy 248 tw Fy
Check for Lateral Support L  4.8 m
200b f 200(204)
Lc    2590.8mm  L
Fy 248
138000 A f 138000(204)(16.76)
Lu    5374mm  L Fb  0.6 Fy
dFy 354(248)
Use Fb  0.6 Fy
Check for deflection
d 354
I x  Sx 1261x103 ( )  223.2 x106 mm 4
2 2
5WL4 5(62.8)(4800) 4
  6
 9.72mm
384EI x 384(200000)223.2(10)
L 4800
Allowable deflection  allow    16mm  9.72mm
300 300
Use W 14 x 53
Design of axially loaded columns
Given : axial load(P) and column unsupported height(L), Fy , k , E
Required : column section that could support the given load
General Procedure
P
1. Solve for the trial area of section A Note : the bigger is the
0.4 Fy  0.6 Fy
value of L, the lower is the coeffecient of Fy
2. Using the table of properties of structural shapes, select the section with an area
nearest to the area computed in 1
Le
3. Solve for, L e  kL, and C c . Select the appropiate column stress formula to
r
determine the allowable axial stress Fa , Fa  0.4 F y0.6 Fy
4. Compute the axial load capacity of the column : Pc  AFa  P
Problem
Design an axially loaded column to support an axial load of 750 kN including its own weight.
Fy  248 MPa, k  1.0
Consider that the column unsupported height is
a) 5 m
b) 8 m
Solution :
P 750(1000)
a) L  5 m A   5040mm 2  7.81in 2
0.6Fy 0.6(248)
try w 8 x 31 A  5883.86 mm 2 r  51.05 mm
L e 1(5000)
  97.94mm
r 51.05
2 2 E 2 2 200000
CC    126.17
Fy 248
 Le Le 3
3( ) 1( ) 3
5 5 3 (97.92) 1(97. 94)
FS   r  r 3    3
 1.9
3 8Cc 8Cc 3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
 Le 2 
 ( r )  Fy  (97.92) 2  248
Fa  1  2 
 1  2
 91.92MPa
 2Cc  FS  2(126.17)  1.9
 
P  AFa  5883.86(91.92)  540853N  540.85kN  750kN redesign
try W 8 x 48 A  9096.8mm2 r  52.83 mm

Le 1(5000)
  94.64MPa
r 52.83
Le Le 3
3( ) 1( ) 3
5 5 3 (94. 64 ) 1(94. 64 )
FS   r  r 3    3
 1.89
3 8Cc 8Cc 3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)
  Le 2 
 ( r )  Fy  (94.64) 2  248
Fa  1  2 
 1  2
 94.3MPa
 2Cc  FS  2(126.17)  1.89
 
P  AFa  9096.8(94.3)  857828N  857.28kN  750kN
Use W 8 x 48
P 750(1000)
b) L  8 m A   10080mm 2  15.63in 2
0.3Fy 0.3(248)
try w 10 x 72 A  13677 mm 2 r  65.79 mm
L e 1(8000)
  121.6
r 65.79
2 2 E 2 2 200000
CC    126.17
Fy 248
 Le Le 3
3( ) 1( ) 3
5 5 3(121.6 ) 1(121.6 )
FS   r  r 3    3
 1.92
3 8Cc 8Cc 3 8(126.17) 8(126.17)

 Le 2 
 ( r )  Fy  (121.6) 2  248
Fa  1  2 
 1  2
 69.91MPa
 2Cc  FS  2(126.17)  1.92
 
P  AFa  13677(69.91)  956159N  956.15kN  750kN
Use W 10 x 72
MEMBERS SUBJECT TO COMBINED AXIAL TENSION
AND BENDING
NSCP Specifications
Members subjected to both axial tension and bending shall satisfy
the formula
fa fbx f by
   1.0
0.60Fy Fbx Fby

Where fb is the computed bending tensile stress.

The computed bending compressive stress, however, shall not exceed
the applicable values for beams subject to pure bending only.
Example
A W14 x 32 section is used as a beam 6 m long. It is subjected to an
axial tensile load P and a uniformly distributed lateral load of 10 kN/m
(excluding beam weight). Find P. Fy = 248 MPa.
W14 x 32 Properties
A = 25032 mm2
Wt = 196.90 kg/m
d = 372.4 mm
tw = 16.4 mm
bf = 374 mm
tf = 26.2 mm
Sx = 3420.2 x 103 mm3
rx = 159.50 mm
ry = 95.46 mm
 9.81
Wt  196.9( )  1.93kN / m
1000
Total Uniform load w  10  1.93  11.93kN/m
actual axial tensile stress
P P
fa  
A 25032
2 2
wL 11 .93(6)
M    53.69kN .m
8 8
actual bending stress
M 53.69(10) 6
fb   3
 15.7 MPa
Sx 3420(10)
Check for compactness
bf 374
  7.14
2t f 2(26.2)
170 170 bf 170
  10.8 
Fy 248 2t f Fy
d 372.4
  22.71
t w 16.4
1680 1680 d 1680
  106.68  Section is compact Fb  0.66 Fy
Fy 248 tw Fy

Check for Lateral Support L  6.0 m

200b f 200(374)
Lc    4749.8mm  L
Fy 248
138000 A f 138000(374)( 26.2)
Lu    14641.67mm  L Fb  0.6 Fy
dFy 372.4(248)
Use Fb  0.6 Fy
 fa f bx fby
   1.0
0.60Fy Fbx Fby

fa fb
  1.0
0.6 Fy Fb
P
25032  15.7  1.0
0.6(248) 0.6(248)

P = 3331.76 kN
BOLTED AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
The computations involved in bolted connections are based on certain
assumptions. These are:
1) The friction between the joined plates is ignored.
2) The stress transferred from one plate to another is equally distributed to
all bolts in the joint.
3) The tensile stress in the net sections of the plates is uniform for each
unit area of cross section.
4) The bending stresses in the bolts are ignored.
A bolted connection will fail in one of several ways.
a) By shearing of the bolts
b) By crushing of the belt or the metal on which it bears
c) By tension in the net sections of the connected members
d) By tearing at the edge.
ALLOWABLE STRESSES

Allowable Stresses:
Ft = 0.60 Fy on gross area
Ft = 0.50 Fu on effective net area
Efficiency of a joint:
strength of joint
Efficiency  x100
strength of solid plate
Example
Determine the allowable tensile force P which can be appllied to the plates
shown. The AISC specifications A36 steel and 20 mm diameter A325 bolts
placed in standard holes with threads excluded from the shear plane are
used in a bearing in a bearing type connection. Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400
MPa, Fv = 206.9 MPa and Fp = 1.5 Fu.

P P
10mm 10mm

200 mm
P P
a) shear in the rivets
Fv  206.9 MPa
Total shear Area(single shear)
(20) 2
A  4  1256.6mm 2
4
1256.6(206.9)
P  AFv   260kN
1000

b) bearing of plates against the rivets

Fp  1.5Fu  1.5(400)  600 MPa
Total bearing Area A b  projected area of the rivet holes
A b  4(diameter of rivet) thickness of plate
A b  4(20)(10)  800mm 2
800(600)
P  Ab Fp   480kN
1000
c) tension in the net section
Ft  0.5Fu  0.5(400)  200MPa
Net area A n  [ 200 - 2(20)]10  1600mm 2
A n  0.85 Ag  0.85(200)10  1700mm 2
Use A n  1600mm 2
1600(200)
P  An Ft   320kN
1000
d) tension in the gross section
Ft  0.6 Fy  0.6(248)  148.8MPa
Gross area A g  [ 200]10  2000mm2
2000(148.8)
P  Ag Ft   297.6kN
1000
Use P  260 kN
STAGGERED BOLTED AND RIVETED CONNECTIONS

W g
s

For tension members with staggered holes, the least net width of the
section is obtained by deducting from the gross width the sum of the
diameters for all the holes located along the chosen path, and adding, for
each gage space in the path, the quantity

S2/4g (Cochrane’s formula)

S = longitudinal center-to-center spacing (pitch) of any two
consecutive holes, mm
g = transverse center-to-center spacing (gage) of the same
two holes, mm
From the figure above:

Net width Wn = W – 2dhole + S2/4g

 Example
What is the value of S if the joint is 80% efficient? See figure.
Tension of Plates = 76 MPa 50mm
Hole diameter (effective) = 23 mm
50mm

50mm
P P
75mm

strength of joint 75mm

Efficiency  x100
strength of solid plate
Wn tFt s
0.8 
250tFt
Wn  200 mm
 a
50mm

50mm

50mm
b
P P
75mm

75mm

s
path a - b - c c
2 2
(50) s
Wn  250 - 3(23)  
4(50) 4(75)
2 2
(50) s
200  181  
4(50) 4(75)
s  44.16mm
 CONNECTIONS SUBJECT TO ECCENTRIC LOAD
A load to be resisted by a bolt group that is eccentric with respect to the
centroid of the group pattern can be replaced with a force that has a line
of action through the pattern centroid, and a moment with the magnitude T
= Pe, where e is the eccentricity of the load.
The force carried by a bolt due to the equivalent centroidal load is
obtained from the formula
Pd = P/n (direct resistance)
Where P is the eccentric load, and n, the number of bolts.
•To solve for the resistance of a bolt due to the equivalent moment,
we use
Pt = T / j
The total resistance is the vector sum of direct and indirect resistances of
each rivet.
 P
Components of Direct Force
e
P
Pd 
n
Components of the torsional force
My Mx
M = Pe Ptx  Pty 
 
x 2
 y 2
 
x 2
 y 2

x, y  horizontal and vertical distance of

center of rivet from centroid of rivet group
P
  sum of squares of horizontal distance of
x 2

of rivet from centroid of rivet group

  sum of squares of vertical distance of rivet
y 2

of rivets from centroid of rivet group

 Pdx  Ptx
R
Pdy  Pty
FORCE CARRIED BY RIVET/BOLT

R ( Pdx  Ptx ) 2  ( Pdy  Pty ) 2

Where:
Pdx = x component of the direct force
Pdy = y component of the direct force
Ptx = x component of the torsional force
Pty = x component of the torsional force
 The bracket shown in the figure is supported by four 22 mm diameter
rivets in single shear. The bracket is subject to an eccentric load of 150 kN.
Determine the load on the most stressed rivet.
solution
P=150 kN components of direct force
e = 250 mm 150,000
Pdx  0 Pdy   37,500 N
4
 x 2  4(100)2  40,000
 y 2
 4 (100 ) 2
 40,000

Most stressed Rivet

M  Pe  150,000(250)  37.5 x106 N .mm x  y  100
My 37.5(10) 6100
Ptx    46875 N
 x   y 40000  40000
2 2

Mx 37.5(10) 6100
4-22 mm  Pty    46875 N
200 mm  x   y 40000  40000
2 2

R ( Pdx  Ptx ) 2  ( Pdy  Pty ) 2

R (0  46875) 2  (37500  46875) 2

200 mm R  96521.53 N
AXIALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTION

Welding – the process of joining metals by heating and allowing the parts to
flow together with or without the addition of other molten metal
Allowable stresses:
Shear in the throat of the weld
Fv = 0.30Fu
Where Fu = allowable tensile strength of the weld metal
Fillet welds- welds approximately triangular in cross section. If t is the
nominal leg thickness, then the effective area is 0.707t multiplied by the
effective length of the weld.
Force carried by weld
P = AFv
Where : Fv = shearing stress at the throat of the weld
A = effective area =0.707tL
t = weld thickness
L = length of the weld

Minimum size of fillet welds

Minimum size of
Material thickness of thicker Fillet weld (mm)
parts joined (mm )

To 6 inclusive 3.0
Over 6 to 12 4.5
Over 12 to 20 6.0
Over 20 7.5
Maximum size of fillet weld

a) Along edges of material less than 6 mm,not greater than the

thickness of the materials
b) Along edges of material 6 mm or more in thickness, not
greater than the thickness of the material minus 1.5 mm.

Force per unit length of weld:

P
q
L
q  0.707tFv
L = length of the weld
Problem:
A double fillet welded lap joint is as shown below. The plate
thickness is 13mm . If the allowable tensile strength of the weld metal is
550 MPa, determine the following :
a) minimum size of the fillet weld
b) Total area of the fillet weld
c) capacity of the connection

T T 350 mm

T 12 mm

T
Maximum size of fillet weld
t  6 mm
Area of the fillet weld
A  0.707tL  0.707(6)350  1484.7mm2
Capacity of the connection
1487.7(550)
P  AFv   816.6kN
1000
Problem:

A 150 mm x 90 mm x 12 mm angular section is welded to a gusset plate

as shown. Area of the angle is 2736 sq.mm , allowable shear Fv is
150MPa, allowable tensile stress Ft = 0.6Fy with Fy = 250 MPa.
Determine the following:
a) design force P
b) total required length of weld using 12 mm fillet weld
c) value of “b”
150 mm x 90 mm angle
a

99 mm
150mm
P
12mm plate

b
 150 mm x 90 mm angle

a
P1
99 mm
150mm
12mm plate P
P2
b
a) design force P
P  AFt  2736(0.6)250  410,400 N
forces acting on the welds
M P1 0 P2 (150) - P(99)  0
P2 (150)  410,400(99)  0
P2  270864 N
F
x 0 P1  270864  410400  0
P1  139536 N
force per unit length of weld
q  0.707tFV  0.707(12)150  1272.6 N / mm
b) length of weld
P
L
q
P1 139536
a   109.65mm say 110 mm
q 1272.6
P2 270864
b   212.84mm say 220 mm
q 1272.6
total length of weld
L  a  b  110  220  330mm
Eccentrically Loaded Welded Connection

Components of the direct force

x component y component
Pdx Pdy
qdx  qdy 
L L
Components of the Torsional force
x Component y component
Ty Tx
qtx  qdy 
L 2
L2
 L(12  xc  yc )
2 2
 12 c c )
L (  x 2
 y 2

T  Pe
where:
T = torsional moment = Pe
x and y = coordinates of any point on the weld
measured from the centroid of the weld group
xc and yc = horizontal and vertical distance of the centroid
of a weld from the centroid of the weld group
Maximum intensity of weld force

q  ( qdx  qtx )  ( qdy  qty )

2 2
Problem:
A plate is attached to the frame of a machine by side fillet welds as
shown in the figure. Determine the size of the welds to resist a
vertical load of 150 kN. Assume that the allowable shearing stress
at the throats of the weld is 145 MPa.

250 mm
P=150 kN
100 mm

200 mm

200 mm
 e
x  50 P=150 kN
250 mm
100 mm

L =200+100+200=500
200 mm 2 1 120 mm

y  80 Centroid of weld group

3
L x   lx  l1 x1  l2 x2  l3 x3
200 mm
Centroid of weld group 500 x  100(50)  200(0)  200(1000
Components of the direct force
x  50
qdx  0
L y   ly  l1 y1  l2 y2  l3 y3
P150(1000)
qdy    300 N/mm  500 y  100(200)  200(100)  200(0)
L 500
y  80
eccentricity
e  250  50  300mm
 e
x  50 P=150 kN
250 mm
100 mm
B A polar moment of inertia

200 mm 2 1 120 mm L 2
( L  xc2  yc2 )
y  80 12
3 (100)
C D AB : ([100]2  0 2  [120]2 )  203,333.33
200 mm 12
Centroid of weld group
(200)
BC : ([200]2  [50]2  [20]2 )  715,000
12
(200)
CD : ([200]2  [50]2  [80]2 )  815,000
12
L 2
 12 ( L  x 2
c  y 2
c )  1, 733,333.33mm 3

Torsional Moment :
T  Pe  150(1000)300  45x106 N .mm
 qt P=150 kN
qd 250 mm

B A
qt qt
qd 3
C D
components of the torsional force
qt at A :
Ty 45(10) 6120
q tx    3115.38 N 
L 2 1,733,333.33
 12 ( L  xc
2
 y 2
c )

Tx 45(10) 6 50
q ty    1298.31N 
L 2 1,733,333.33
 12 ( L  x 2
c  y c
2
)

q A  (qdx  qtx ) 2  (qdy  qty ) 2

q A  (0  3115.38) 2  (300  1298.31) 2  3502 N/mm

components of the torsional force
at D :
Ty 45(10) 6 80
q tx    2076.9 N 
L 2 1,733,333.33
 12 ( L  xc
2
 y 2
c )

Tx 45(10) 6150
q ty    3894.21N 
L 2 1,733,333.33
 12 ( L  x 2
c  y c
2
)

q D  (qdx  qtx ) 2  (qdy  qty ) 2

q D  (0  2076.9) 2  (300  3894.21) 2  4680 N/mm

Use q  4680
0.707tFv  4680
0.707t(145)  4680
t  46 mm
Steel and Timber
Midterm Exam
2 . A WF section carries a uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m
including its own weight and a concentrated load of P acting at the
third points of the beam. If the beam is laterally unsupported,
determine the safe value of P when
a) L = 3.6 m b) L =6.2m c) L = 7.2 m
Properties of WF 542 x 124
A = 19226 mm² d = 542 mm bf = 312 mm tf = 20.32 mm
tw = 12.7 mm Sx = 3720 x 10³ mm³ Sy = 639 x 10³ mm³
Fy = 248 MPa
a) L = 3.6 m
200b f 200(312)
LC    3962.4mm  L
Fy 248
Fb  0.66 Fy  0.66(248)  163.68MPa Fb  0.60 Fy  0.60(248)  148.8MPa

3720(10)3 3720(10)3
M  Fb S x  163.68  608.9kN .m M  Fb S x  148.8 6
 553.54kN .m
(10) 6 (10)
PL wL 2 PL wL2
M   M 
3 8 3 8
P (3.6) 10(3.6) 2 P (6.2) 10(6.2) 2
608.9   553.54  
3 8 3 8
P  493.92kN P  244.9kN

b) L = 6.2 m
138000 Af 138000(312)(20.32)
Lu    6508.88mm 3962.4  6200  6508.88
dFy 542(248)
LC  L  Lu
1. Compute the resisting moment of a W530x 290 with
a) Fy = 248 MPa b) Fy = 345 MPa
Assume the section has full lateral support for its compression flange.

Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A = 9484 mm2 Ix = 4.096 x 108 mm4
d = 529 mm Sx = 1.54 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.65 mm rx = 134 mm
bf = 166 mm ry = 77mm
tf = 16.51 mm Sy = 4.78 x 105 mm3
Iy = 7.29 x 109 mm4
Solution
a) Fy=248 MPa

bf 166
  5.02
2t f 2(16.51) Fb  0.66 Fy

170 170 bf 170

Fb  0.66(248)  163.68MPa
  10.8 
Fy 248 2t f Fy

d 529
  54.81 d 1680 675
t w 9.65  or
tw Fy Fy
1680 1680
  106.68 Section is Compact
Fy 248
Solution
b) Fy=345 MPa
bf 166
  5.02
2t f 2(16.51)
Fb  0.66 Fy
170 170
  9.15 Fb  0.66(345)  227.71MPa
Fy 345
bf 170
250 250 
  13.46 2t f Fy
Fy 345

d 529
  54.81 d  1680
t w 9.65 tw Fy
1680 1680
  90.45 Section is Compact
Fy 345
Steel and Timber Design
Semi Final
Compute the axial load capacity of a W530x 290 with
Fy = 248 MPa, L = 5.0 m when
a) both ends of columns are fixed
b) both ends of columns are hinged
c) one end is hinged the other end fixed

Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A =9484 mm2
rx = 134 mm
ry = 77mm
Midterm Exam

A built up column consist of two channels C 450 x 42.7 and

one cover plate 500 mm x 12 mm. The channels are placed
300 mm back to back with the flanges outstanding. The height of the
Column is 6 m with k =1.0. Determine the axial load capacity of
the column. Fy = 248 MPa, E = 200 GPa

500 mm
12 mm Properties of C 450 x 42.7
A  8129.02 mm 2
I x  230.59 x10 6 mm 4
450 mm I y  5.99 x106 mm 4
x  22.28mm

300 mm
A W 250x58 column is hinged at both ends with sidesway being prevented.
The load is eccentric by 25 mm causing bending about the major axis.
The column is 5.4 m high without any lateral bracing. Determine the axial load
and moment capacity of this column
Properties of W 250 x 58
A  7420 mm 2
S x  693x103 mm 3
S y  186 x103 mm 3
Fy  250 MPa
Fe '  412 MPa
C m  0 .6
rx  108 mm
ry  50.4 mm
E  200000 MPa
Fb  150 MPa
 Plate #5 : Riveted Connections

Determine the allowable tensile force P which can be appllied to the plates shown. The AISC
specifications A36 steel and 20 mm diameter A325 bolts placed in standard holes with threads excluded
from the shear plane are used in a bearing in a bearing type connection. Fy = 248 MPa, Fu = 400 MPa,
Fv = 206.9 MPa and Fp = 1.5 Fu.

P
P

12mm 12mm

P 250 mm
P
Determine the net critical area of the riveted connection shown. Plate thickness is 25 mm and rivet diameter
is 20 mm diameter . Assume that the rivet hole is 3 mm larger than the rivet diameter.

90 mm
P P

90 mm
390 mm
90 mm

50mm 75mm 50mm

 For the plate bracket shown below, determine the load on the most stressed rivet.

P=250 kN
e = 300 mm

Most stressed Rivet

200 mm

6-25 mm 
200 mm

150 mm
 Most stressed Rivet
solution
components of direct force
200 mm 250,000
Pdx  0 Pdy   41666.67 N 
6
200 mm
 x 2
 6 ( 75) 2
 33,750

y 2
 4(200) 2  160,000
M  Pe  250,000(300)  75x106 N .mm x  75, y  200
My 75(10) 6 200
150 mm Ptx    77419.35 N 
 x   y 33750  160000
2 2

Mx 75(10) 6 75
Pty    29032.26 N 
 x   y 33750  160000
2 2

R ( Pdx  Ptx ) 2  ( Pdy  Pty ) 2

R (0  77419.35) 2  ( 41666.67  29032.26) 2

R  104,843.19 N
Plate # 6: ECCENTRICALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTION

A plate is attached to the frame of a machine by side fillet welds as

shown in the figure. Determine the size of the welds to resist a load
of 200 kN. Assume that the allowable shearing stress at the throats
of the weld is 150 MPa.
P=200 kN
250 mm

150 mm
450

250 mm

250 mm
A 150 mm x 90 mm x 16 mm angular section is welded to a gusset plate as shown. Area of the angle is
3236 sq.mm , allowable shear Fv is 150MPa, allowable tensile stress Ft = 0.6Fy with Fy = 250 MPa.
Determine the following:
a) design force P
b) total required length of weld using 12 mm fillet weld

a 150 mm x 90 mm angle

99 mm
200mm
P
12mm plate
b
Semi- Final Exam

A plate is attached to the frame of a machine by side fillet welds as

shown in the figure. Determine the size of the welds to resist a load
of 200 kN. Assume that the allowable shearing stress at the throats
of the weld is 150 MPa.
P=200 kN
250 mm

150 mm
450

250 mm

250 mm
 qd P=200 kN
qd 250 mm

150 mm
 L  150  2(250)  650
450
200(1000)Cos45 (200)1000Cos45 N
qd x    217.57 
250 mm L 650 mm
qd 200(1000) Sin45 (200)1000Sin45 N
qd qd y    217.57 
 L 650 mm
250 mm

L x   lx
x P=200 kN
250 mm 650 x  150(75)  250(0)  250(125)
150 mm x  65.4
B 45 0

250 mm
A L y   ly
y 650 y  150(250)  250(0)  250(125)

D y  105.8
C 250 mm
 65.4 P=200 kN
250 mm
84.6
150 mm
B 450

250 mm
A 144.2

105.8

C D
250 mm
polar moment of inertia
L 2
( L  xc2  yc2 )
12
(150)
AB : ([150]2  (75  65.4) 2  [144.2]2 )  542322.5
12
(250)
BC : ([250]2  [65.4]2  [144.2  125]2 )  1398870.8
12
 (250)
CD : ([250]2  [125  65.4]2  [105.8]2 )  1609287.5
12
L 2
 12 ( L  x 2
c  y c )  3550480.8
2

Torsional Moment :
200Cos45(144.2) 200Sin45(250  84.6)
T   67.71kN .m
1000 1000

qd P=200 kN
qd 250 mm

150 mm
450
A
250 mm
qd
qd
D
250 mm
components of the torsional force
at A :
Ty 67.71(10) 6144.2
q tx    2750 N 
L 2 3550480.8
 12 ( L  xc
2
 y 2
c )

Tx 67.71(10) 6 84.6
q ty    1613.38 N 
L 2 3550480.8
 12 ( L  x 2
c  y c
2
)

q A  (qdx  qtx ) 2  (qdy  qty ) 2

q A  (217.57  2750) 2  (217.57  1613.38) 2  3486.95 N/mm

components of the torsional force
at D :
Ty 67.71(10) 6105.8
q tx    2017.68 N 
L 2 3550480.8
 12 ( L  xc
2
 y 2
c )

Tx 67.71(10) 6 (250  65.4)

q ty    3520 N 
L 2 3550480.8
 12 ( L  x 2
c  y c
2
)

q A  (qdx  qtx ) 2  (qdy  qty ) 2

q A  (217.57  2017.68) 2  (217.57  3520) 2  4355N/mm

Use q  4355 N/mm
q  0.707tFv
4355  0.707t (150)
t  41.06mm
Determine the net critical width of the riveted connection shown. Plate thickness is 25 mm and rivet
diameter is 20 mm diameter . Assume that the rivet hole is 3 mm larger than the rivet diameter.

B
90 mm
P P
C
90 mm
390 mm
90 mm
D
E

50mm 75mm 50mm

path ABCDEF
s2
Wn  w  4d  
4g
2
(125) (50) 2 (125) 2
Wn  390  4(20  3)   
4(90) 4(90) 4(90)
Wn  391.75mm
path ABCDF
2
path ABCEF s
Wn  w  3d  
s2 4g
Wn  w  3d   2
4g (125) (50) 2
Wn  390  3(20  3)  
(125)
2 2
(75) 4(90) 4(90)
Wn  390  3(20  3)  
4(90) 4(180) Wn  371.35mm
Wn  372.22mm Use Wn  371.35mm
 A plate is attached to the frame of a machine by side fillet welds as
shown in the figure. Determine the size of the welds to resist a load
of 100 kN. Assume that the allowable shearing stress at the throats
of the weld is 150 MPa.
P=100 kN
200
mm
150 mm
450

250 mm

250 mm
 P=100 kN

qd qd
200 mm

150 mm
 L  150  2(250)  650
450
qd x  0
250 mm
100(1000) (100)1000 N
qd qd y    153.84 
qd L 650 mm

250 mm

P=100 kN
L x   lx
x
200 mm 650 x  150(75)  250(0)  250(125)
150 mm x  65.4
B 45 0

250 mm
A L y   ly
y 650 y  150(250)  250(0)  250(125)

D y  105.8
C 250 mm
 P=100 kN

65.4
250 mm
84.6
150 mm
B 450

250 mm
A 144.2

105.8

C D
250 mm
polar moment of inertia
L 2
( L  xc2  yc2 )
12
(150)
AB : ([150]2  (75  65.4) 2  [144.2]2 )  542322.5
12
(250)
BC : ([250]2  [65.4]2  [144.2  125]2 )  1398870.8
12
 (250)
CD : ([250]2  [125  65.4]2  [105.8]2 )  1609287.5
12
L 2
 12 ( L  x 2
c  y c )  3550480.8
2

Torsional Moment :
T  100(284.6)  28.46kN .m

P=100 kN
qd qd
200
mm
150 mm
450
A
250 mm
qd
qd
D
250 mm
components of the torsional force
at A :
Ty 28.46(10) 6144.2
q tx    1156 N 
L 2 3550480.8
 12 ( L  xc
2
 y 2
c )

Tx 28.46(10) 6 84.6
q ty    679 N 
L 2 3550480.8
 12 ( L  x 2
c  y c
2
)

q A  (qdx  qtx ) 2  (qdy  qty ) 2

q A  (0  1156) 2  (153.84  679) 2  1424.78 N/mm

components of the torsional force
at D :
Ty 28.46(10) 6105.8
q tx    848N 
L 2 3550480.8
 12 ( L  xc
2
 y 2
c )

Tx 28.46(10) 6 (250  65.4)

q ty    1480 N 
L 2 3550480.8
 12 ( L  x 2
c  y c
2
)

q D  (qdx  qtx ) 2  (qdy  qty ) 2

q D  (0  848) 2  (153.84  1480) 2  1841N/mm

Use q  1841 N/mm
q  0.707tFv
1841  0.707t (150)
t  17.35mm
 A W 530 x 290 section with 180 mm x 20 mm plate placed on the top of the
flange as shown is used as a column with a length of 8.0 m Determine the safe
axial load the column can carry using AISC specifications with Fy = 345 MPa
when: a) column ends are fixed b) column ends are hinged

Section Properties:
W530 x 290
A = 9484 mm2 Ix = 4.096 x 108 mm4
d = 529 mm Sx = 1.54 x 106 mm3

tw = 9.65 mm rx = 134 mm
bf = 166 mm ry = 77mm
tf = 16.51 mm Sy = 4.78 x 105 mm3
Iy = 39.67 x 106 mm4
A W310 x 135 with simple span of 5.0 m is used as a purlins on a roof truss inclined at 30 0 with the
horizontal. The purlins is subject to a wind load of 4 kN/m acting perpendicular to the purlins and
weight of purlins and roofing materials of 2 kN/m acting vertically. Assuming that all loads pass thru
the centroid of the purlins determine ,the maximum bending stress on the purlins.
Section Properties of W310 x 135 :
Sx = 1.86 x 106 mm3 Sy = 5.6 x 105 mm3
STEEL (ARCH)

1. Compute the resisting moment of a W310 x 97 with

a) Fy = 248 MPa
Assume the section has full lateral support for its compression flange.

Section Properties:
W310 x 97
A = 12300 mm2
d = 308 mm Sx = 1.44 x 106 mm3
tw = 9.91 mm
bf = 305 mm
tf = 15.4 mm
Solution
a) Fy=248 MPa

bf 305 Fb  0.66 Fy
  9 .9 Fb  0.66(248)  163.68MPa
2t f 2(15.4)
M  Fb S x
170 170 bf 170
  10.8  163.68(1.44)(10) 6
Fy 248 2t f Fy M 6
(10)
d 308 M  235.7kN .m
  31.08 d 1680 675
t w 9.91  or
tw Fy Fy
1680 1680
  106.68 Section is Compact
Fy 248
2. A WF section has the properties shown below. If the beam is laterally unsupported,
determine the moment capacity if
a) L = 3.0 m
Properties of WF 410 x 114
A = 14600 mm² d = 420 mm bf = 261 mm tf = 19.33 mm
tw = 11.6 mm Sx = 2000 x 10³ mm³ Sy = 439 x 10³ mm³
Fy = 248 MPa
a) L = 3 m
200b f 200(261)
LC    3314.7 mm  L
Fy 248
Fb  0.66 Fy  0.66(248)  163.68MPa
2000(10)3
M  Fb S x  163.68 6
 327.36kN .m
(10)
PL wL2
M  
4 8
P(3) 30(3) 2
327.36  
4 8
P  391.48kN
 Semi-Final (ARCH)
 A W 310 x 118 section with a length of 8.0 m is used as a column.
Determine the safe axial load the column can carry using AISC
specifications with Fy = 345 MPa when:
a) column ends are fixed
b) one end of the column is fixed; the other free

Properties of W 310 x 118

A = 15000 mm²
rx = 136 mm
ry = 77.6 mm