Low Carbon Urban Transport

Systems
:
Jose Bienvenido Manuel M. Biona
Executive Director, Electric Vehicle Association of the Philippines
Executive Dean, Enrique Razon Jr. Logistics Institute – De La Salle
University

1
 Transport GHG Determinants
Order of Transport CO2 Increase Contributions
 Population Growth
 Transport Energy Intensity
 Increasing Transport Activity

Source : Lopez, Biona and Chiu, 2018

 Low Carbon Transport > Avoid – Shift - Improve Framework
Metro Manila Vehicle Ownership Model
Source : Rith, Fillone and Biona, 2019
Shift Avoid Improve

 Scenario 1 – Compact development : increase in population density

 Scenario 2 – Increase in road PT line density
 Scenario 3 – Increase access to train service
 Scenario 4 : Improved accessibility to essential facilities
 Scenario 5 : Integration of scenarios 1 though 4
 Low Carbon Transport : AVOID
Spatial Accessibility Score
LAND USE, TRAVEL REQUIREMENTS
and AFFORDABLE HOUSING
Origin-Destination
 Low Carbon Transport : SHIFT
Spatial Accessibility Score Temporal Score Economics Score

TRAVEL REQUIREMENTS, BEHAVIOUR ,

CULTURE/PREFERENCE and CAPABILITIES
Cars to Public Transport, Cars to Motorcycles, Motorcycles to
walking, Cars to Bicycles, Motorcycles to bicycles, shift to
Origin-Destination walking
Low Carbon Transport : IMPROVE
Electric Cars

NON PLUG-IN HYBRIDS

 More efficient than ICEVs
specially in start-stop traffic
conditions

PLUG-IN HYBRIDS
 Provides the foundation
for full electric vehicles
by creating some
charging demand.
 Addresses “Range
Anxiety” while charging
infrastructure is not yet
fully developed Electric Vehicles (EV)
Low Carbon Transport : IMPROVE
Electric Cars
Local EV Updates : Vehicle Stock and Models

Locally Available
Battery Electric
Vehicle
Nissan Leaf BYD E6

Hyundai Ioniq EV DongFeng ER30 Hyundai Kona EV

Local EV Updates : Vehicle Stock and Models

Locally Available
Plug-in Hybrid
Vehicles
Hyundai Ioniq PHEV Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV

BYD Qin PHEV BYD Tang PHEV

Low Carbon Transport : IMPROVE
EV based Public Transport : Jeepneys and Buses

General
 Significant GHG Reductions and
Health Benefits
 High Torque even at low speeds –
perfect for Hilly Areas
 Jeepneys : Cost Parity with Euro 4
Options, 25% lower energy cost
(Legaspi, 2019)
 E-Buses : 3 to 4 times more
expensive, 10% higher life cycle
cost but 10% lower if external cost
is considered (Mathieu, 2018)
Low Carbon Transport : IMPROVE
Light Railways

 Significant GHG and

Health Impact
Reduction Benefits
 High Investment and
Operating Cost
 Subsidy Driven
 Driver for growth and
investments
Low Carbon Transport : IMPROVE
Cable Cars

 Provide some GHG and Health

Impact Reduction Benefits
 High Investment and Operating Cost
 Low volume (1,000-2,000 pax/hr)
 Significantly cuts down travel time
 Economic sustainability has been a
concern in some cases
 Boost tourism
Low Carbon Transport : IMPROVE
Trolley Buses

 Significant GHG and

Health Impact Reduction
Benefits
 Requires infrastructure
investment
 Lower unit cost and
operating cost
 Uptrend utilization
Low Carbon Transport : IMPROVE
Biofuels

 GHG reduction depends on feedstock

source
 High Local Cost :
Php 60.00 vs Php 30.00 ( bioethanol )
Biodiesel could be more expensive than
diesel
 E20 and B5 are safe generally for most
vehicles
 E85 and B100 for flexi-fueled vehicles
Local Peculiarities
Examples
Higher Biodiesel blends in Bicol and
Income nearby regions
Cycling in the Philippines
Climate
EVs in Island Communities
Resource
Solar charging for Evs
Travel Requirements
Etc……
Commodity Cost
Demographics
Some Points To Remember

 Avoid, Shift and Improve Framework

 Understanding of the transport demand and behaviour,
culture and capabilities
 A menu of technologies are available each having their
own advantages and disadvantages
 Local peculiarities
[Thank You]