Hardened Concrete

Properties
 Strength
 compressive strength 2000-8000 psi
 tensile strength 200-800 psi
 flexural strength
 compression >> tension since concrete is notch
sensitivite
 Factors Affecting Strength
 Curing conditions, humidity
 temperature
 w/c , (inversely related) Abram’s law
 air content, (inversely related), short and long term
 aggregate characteristics, roughness,grading, minerological.
 cement type, composition, fineness, type I vs. type III
 cement content (directly related)
 Strength porosity relationship
 mixing water
 Strength and Curing
moist cured entire time
Strength
in air after 7 days
100%
in air after 3 days

in air entire time

28 time
Factors Affecting Concrete Strength
 Durability
 Resistance to freezing and thawing
 Cracking
 Internal Problems
 Rebar Corrosion
 Resistance to freezing and thawing-Major
factors
 Air Entrainment
 w/c, low water -cement ratio/ water content
 volume stability, stiff aggregates with low coefficient of
thermal expansion
 Air Entrainment
 Water gains 9% in volume upon freezing
 nighttime freezing followed by daytime thawing,
 approximately 40 cycles per year, average. max of 200
cycles per year.
 fatigue loading of ice formation within pores
 Air Entraining Admixture (AEA) Must provide:
 Pore size
 Pore spacing
 Pore specific surface area
Internal voids
 Durability-Cracking
 path for harmful material to get into
concrete
 sulfates- soils
 cause severe expansion, and deterioration
 chlorides -deicing salts
 initiate corrosion
 Excessive shrinkage
 Durability-internal problems
 Alkali-silica reaction
 excessive sulfates
 Rebar corrosion

NaCl

+ -
Mechanism of corrosion
 Corrosion Protection
 Proper cover of at least 2”
 lower w/c
 denser concrete
 avoid using chlorides
 Review
 Strength
 Durability
 Water Tightness
 water cement ratio
 Permeability
 Volume Stability
 shrinkage deformation with no load applied
 creep deformation under sustained loading
 Load Induced Volume Changes
Tangent modulus
 Instantaneous, 1D

E
Secant modulus


Econcrete  33 1.5

f 'c
  unit weight of concrete , lbs / cubic ft
f 'c  compressive strength , psi
 Load Induced Volume Changes

 Time dependant 
Deformation
Creep deformation

Time
Creep in Concrete
 Creep in Concrete

water

Creep
 Consequences of creep
 Loss in pre-stress
 possibility of excessive deflection
 stressing of non load bearing members
 Economy
 Cement Content
 50-60$/ton
 Aggregates
 5-6 $/ton
 minimum cement required at the minimum
water cement ratio, with the maximum
strength and durability