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R
P
A Q
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Any given force acting on a particle can be resolved into
two or more components, i.e.., it can be replaced by two
or more forces which have the same effect on the particle.
A force F can be resolved
into two components P
and Q by drawing a
parallelogram which has
F for its diagonal; the
Q components P and Q
F are then represented by
the two adjacent sides
of the parallelogram
A and can be determined
either graphically or by
P trigonometry.
A force F is said to have been resolved into two rectangular
components if its components are directed along the coordinate
axes. Introducing the unit vectors i and j along the x and y axes,
F = Fx i + Fy j
y
Fx = F cos Fy = F sin
Fy
Fy = Fy j tan =
Fx
F
j
F= Fx2 + Fy2
i Fx = Fx i x
When three or more coplanar forces act on a particle, the
rectangular components of their resultant R can be obtained
by adding algebraically the corresponding components of the
given forces.
Rx = Rx Ry = Ry
Ry
tan = R= Rx2 + Ry2
Rx
y y
B B
Fy Fy y A
F A
D
F D
O O
x Fx x Fx x
Fz Fz
E E
C C
z z
y
A force F in three-dimensional space B
can be resolved into components
Fy F
Fx = F cos x Fy = F cos y A
D
O
Fz = F cos z z Fx x
E
z Fz C
y (Magnitude = 1)
The cosines of
Fy j
x , y , and z
cos y j F=F are known as the
direction cosines of
the force F. Using
Fx i the unit vectors i , j,
cos z k
x and k, we write
Fz k
F = Fx i + Fy j + Fz k
z cos x i
or
x cos2x + cos2y
Fz k + cos2z = 1
z cos x i In addition,
F= Fx 2 + Fy2+ Fz 2
Fx Fy Fz
cosx = cosy = cosz =
F F F
y
N (x2, y2, z2) A force vector F
in three-dimensions
F dy = y2 - y1 is defined by its
magnitude F and
two points M and
dz = z2 - z1
dx = x2 - x1 <0 N along its line of
M (x1, y1, z1) action. The vector
x MN joining points
z and N is
MN = dx i + dy j + dz k
MN 1
= = ( dx i + dy j + dz k )
MN d
y
2 2 2
N (x2, y2, z2) d= dx + dy + dz
dy = y2 - y1
A force F is
dz = z2 - z1 defined as the
dx = x2 - x1 <0 product of F and
M (x1, y1, z1)
. Therefore,
x
z
F
F = F = ( d x i + dy j + dz k )
d
From this it follows that
Rx = F x
Ry = Fy
Rz = Fz
Fx = 0 Fy = 0 Fz = 0
Fx = 0 Fy = 0