A History of Global

Politics: Creating an
International Order
 Introduction

The world is composed of many countries or states, all of

them having different forms of government.
 Some scholars of politics are interested in individual
states and examine the internal politics of these
countries while other scholars are more interested in the
interactions between states rather than their internal
politics. These scholars look at trade deals between
states. They are studying international relations.
Moreover, when they explore the deepening of
interactions between states, they refer to the
phenomenon of internationalization.
 Introduction
Internationalization does not equal globalization,
although it is a major part of globalization.
 Itis important to study international relations as a
facet of globalization of globalization, because
states/ governments are key drivers of global
processes. In this lesson, we will examine
internationalization as one window to view the
globalization of politics. What international
relations are today is largely define by events that
occurred as far as 400 years ago.
 Introduction
The Attributes of Today’s Global System
World politics today has four key attributes.
First, there are countries or states that are independent and
govern themselves.
Second, these countries interact with each other through
diplomacy.
Third, there are international organizations, like the United
Nations (UN), that facilitate these interactions.
 Fourth, beyond simply facilitating meetings between states,
international organizations also take on lives of their own.
 Introduction
What are the origins of this system?
A good start is by unpacking what one means when he/she says a
“country”, or what academics also call the nation-state.
The nation-state is a relatively modern phenomenon in human
history, and people did not always organize themselves as
countries.
 At different parts in the history of humanity, people in various
regions of the world have identified exclusively with units as
small as their village or their tribe, and at other times, they see
themselves as members of larger political categories like
“Christendom” (the entire Christian world).
 Introduction
The nation-state is composed of two non-interchangeable terms.
Not all states are nations and all nations are states.
For example, Scotland has its own flag and national culture, but
still belongs to state called the United Kingdom. Closer to home,
many commentators believe that the Bangsamoro is a separate
nation existing within the Philippines but, through their elites,
recognizes the authority of the Philippine state.
 Meanwhile, if there are states with multiple nations, there are
also single nations with multiple states. The nation of Korea is
divided into North and South Korea, whereas the “Chinese
nation” may refer to both the People’s Republic of China (the
mainland) and Taiwan.
The Difference Between
a State and a Nation
 State and Nation
Definition of State
 A people permanently occupying a
fixed territory bound together by
common habits and custom into one
body politic exercising, through the
medium of an organized
government.
Definition of Nation
 Self-identification of a people,
common identity may be built upon a
common language, history, race, or
culture, or simply upon a fact that
this group occupied the same
territory.
 State and Nation

Main Difference
 A state is an independent political entity with
clear geographic boundaries. Nation is a large
body of people united by common origin, history,
culture, ethnicity, or language. The main
difference between state and nation is that state
is a political and legal entity whereas nation
is a socio-cultural entity.
 State vs Nation
STATE
 An independent political entity with
fixed geographic boundaries
 Refers to a territory
 Has a fixed territory
 A political and legal entity
 Can be created consciously
NATION
 A large body of people united by
common origin, history, culture,
ethnicity, or language
 Refers to a group of people
 Doesn’t have a fixed territory
 A socio-cultural entity
 Cannot be created consciously
 State vs Nation

STATE NATION
 Not as stable as state  More stable than a nation

 Cannot exist without sovereignty  Can exist without sovereignty

 United by laws and regulations  United by bonds and shared histories

The Interstate System
The Interstate System

 On 24 October 1648, the Treaty of Westphalia was signed, marking the

end of the Thirty Years' War.
 The Westphalia area of north-western Germany gave its name to the
treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War, one of the most destructive
conflicts in the history of Europe.
 The Westphalia system provided stability for the nation of Europe, until
it faced its first major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte.
 The French implemented the Napoleonic Code that forbade birth
privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, and promoted meritocracy
in government service.
The Interstate System

 Anglo and Prussian armies finally defeated Napoleon in the Battle of

Waterloo in 1815, ending the latter’s mission to spread his liberal code
across Europe.
 The concept of Europe was an alliance of “great powers” that sought to
restore the world monarchial, hereditary, and religious privileges.
 It was an alliance that sought to restore the sovereignty of states.
 Under this Matternich system (named after the Australian diplomat,
Klemens von Matternich, who was the system’s main architect), the
Concert’s power and authority lasted from 1815 to 1914, at the dawn
of WWI.
INTERNATIONALISM
WHAT IS INTERNATIONALISM?

 The state or process of being international.

 Is a political principle which transcends nationalism and advocates a
greater political or economic cooperation among nations and people
 Supporters of this principle are referred to as internationalists, and
generally believe that the people of the world should unite across
national, political, cultural, racial, or class boundaries to advance their
common interests, or that the governments of the world should
cooperate because their mutual long-term interests are of greater
importance than their short-term disputes.
Forms of Internationalism

 Liberal Internationalism
-German Philosopher Immanuel Kant
-He argued that without a form of World Government, International
System will be chaotic.
-”Establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations
which will ultimately include the nations of the world.”
- In short Kant imagined a form of Global government
Forms of Internationalism

 Socialist Internationalism
For socialist internationalists, it is possible to build a better world based
upon the twin goals of equality and social justice.
Jeremy Bentham

 A british philosopher who coined the word

“International” in 1780.
 Advocated the creation of “International Law”
Guiseppe Mazzini

 The first thingker to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism.

 An advocate of unification of the various Italian speaking ministates
and major critic of the Metternich System.
 He Believed in a Republican Government and proposed a free nation
that cooperate with each other.
Woodrow Wilson

 United States president that was influenced by the principles of

mazzini.
 One of the 20th century's most prominent internationalist.
 Became the most notable advocate for the creation of the League of
Nations.
 At the end of WW1 he pushed to make the league a venue to prevent
another war.
 For his efforts, He was awarded the nobel prize.
PRINCIPLE OF SELF DETERMINATION

 the belief that the worldsnations had right to free and sovereign
government.
KARL MARX

 A German Socialist Philosopher who was one of

Mazzini's biggest critic.
 He believed that any true form of Internationalism
should deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted
people concerns in domestic concerns instead of
global.
SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL

 Was a union of European socialist and labor parties established in paris

in 1889.
 declaration of May 1 as Labor day
 creation of International Women's Day
 Initiated the campaign for 8-hour work day.
 Then collapsed in WW1
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1917

 Czar Nicholas II was overthrown and replaced by by a revolutionary

government led by Bolshevik Party and it leader, Vladimir Lenin
 This New state was called The Union os Soviet Socialist Republics
or USSR.
 Bolsheviks did not believe in obtaining power for the working class
through elections.
 Rather, they exhorted the revolutionary “vanguard”parties to lead the
revolutions across the world using methods of teror if needed. (Now
known as Communist Parties)
 To encourage socialist revolutions across the world,
Lenin established the COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL
that served as the central body for directing
Communist Parties all over the world.