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Generation 2
Male
Generation 3
Generation 4
Sexual reproduction - Variety
• Sexual reproduction results in genetic
recombination, which provides potential
advantages:
– An increase in variation in offspring, providing
an increase in the reproductive success of
parents in changing environments
– An increase in the rate of adaptation
– A shuffling of genes and the elimination of
harmful genes from a population.
Accessory
gland Ovary
Ejaculatory
Testis duct
Oviduct
Spermatheca
Vas deferens Penis Vagina
Seminal Accessory
vesicle gland
(a) Male honeybee (drone) (b) Female honeybee (queen)
Reproductive anatomy
of a hermaphrodite
Genital (Digestive tract)
pore
4 Seminal 3 Uterus
vesicle Yolk gland
Yolk duct
3 Sperm duct 2 Oviduct
(vas deferens)
1 Ovary
1 Testis
(Excretory pore)
• A cloaca is a common opening between the
external environment and the digestive,
excretory, and reproductive systems.
• A cloaca is common in nonmammalian
vertebrates; mammals usually have a separate
opening to the digestive tract.
Oviduct
Ovary
Uterus
(Urinary bladder)
(Rectum) (Pubic bone)
Cervix Urethra
Vagina Shaft
Glans Clitoris
Prepuce
Labia minora
Labia majora
Vaginal opening
Oviduct
Ovaries
Follicles
Cervix
Vagina
Ovaries = Female Gonads
Seminal
vesicle
(behind (Urinary
bladder) bladder)
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral
Urethra gland
Erectile tissue
Scrotum of penis
Vas deferens
Epididymis
Testis
(Urinary
bladder)
(Urinary
Seminal vesicle duct)
Testis
Cross section
of seminiferous
tubule
Mitotic divisions
Sertoli cell
nucleus Spermatogonial 2n
stem cell
Mitotic divisions
Spermatogonium 2n
Mitotic divisions
Primary spermatocyte 2n
Meiosis I
Lumen of
seminiferous tubule Secondary spermatocyte n n
Meiosis II
Neck
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Acrosome
• Eggs contain stored nutrients and are much
larger.
• Oogenesis is development of mature oocytes
(eggs) and can take many years .
Primary
oocyte
within
follicle
In embryo Growing
Primordial germ cell follicle
Mitotic divisions
2n Oogonium
Mitotic divisions
Completion of meiosis II
Second Corpus luteum
polar n
body
Fertilized egg
n
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis
GnRH
– –
Anterior pituitary
Negative feedback
Negative feedback
FSH LH
Testis
• Testosterone regulates the production of
GnRH, FSH, and LH through negative
feedback mechanisms.
• Sertoli cells secrete the hormone inhibin,
which reduces FSH secretion from the anterior
pituitary.
reproductive
Stimulated by high levels
GnRH + of estradiol
1
female
LH
FSH
3 FSH and LH stimulate LH surge triggers
follicle to grow ovulation
(c) Ovarian cycle 7 8
10
Estradiol Progesterone 9
Endometrium
| | | | | | | |
0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
(a) Control by hypothalamus Inhibited by combination of
estradiol and progesterone
Hypothalamus –
Stimulated by high levels
GnRH + of estradiol
FSH LH
LH
FSH
FSH and LH stimulate LH surge triggers
follicle to grow ovulation
(c) Ovarian cycle
| | | | | | | |
0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
(d) Ovarian hormones Peak causes
in blood LH surge
Estradiol Progesterone
Endometrium
| | | | | | | |
0 5 10 14 15 20 25 28
The Ovarian Cycle
Ovary
2 Fertilization
Cavity
Blastocyst Trophoblast
Maternal
portion
of placenta
Umbilical
cord
Chorionic villus,
containing fetal
capillaries Fetal
portion of
Maternal blood placenta
pools (chorion)
Uterus Umbilical
Fetal arteriole arteries
Fetal venule
Umbilical cord Umbilical
vein
• Splitting of the embryo during the first month of
development results in genetically identical
twins. Release and fertilization of two eggs
results in fraternal and genetically distinct
twins.
• The first trimester is the main period of
organogenesis = development of the body
organs.
• All the major structures are present by 8
weeks, and the embryo is called a fetus.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
• Changes occur in the mother:
– Growth of the placenta
– Cessation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle
– Breast enlargement
– Nausea is also very common.
Positive feedback
posterior pituitary
Induces oxytocin
receptors on uterus
Stimulates uterus
to contract
Stimulates
placenta to make
+
Prostaglandins
Stimulate more
contractions
of uterus
The three stages of labor
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Uterus
Cervix
Uterus
Placenta
(detaching)
Umbilical
cord
Production of Production of
contraceptive sperm primary oocytes
Coitus
interruptus
(very high Sperm Capture of the
failure rate) deposited oocyte by the
in vagina oviduct
Tubal ligation
Spermicides;
diaphragm;
cervical cap;
Sperm Transport progestin alone
movement of oocyte in (as minipill,
through oviduct implant,
female or injection)
reproductive
tract
Morning-after
Union of sperm and egg pill; intrauterine
device (IUD)
Implantation of blastocyst
in endometrium
Detecting Disorders During Pregnancy
n Polar
body
Secondary Secondary
n n spermatocytes n oocyte
n n n n Spermatids
n n n n Sperm
n Polar body
Fertilized
n egg
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