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DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR
Chapter 2
OF PROCESSES :
Theoretical Models of
Chemical Processes
2
Course Outcome 1 (CO1)
Ability to derive and develop theoretical model of chemical
processes, dynamic behavior of first and second order processes
chemical and dynamic response characteristics of more complicated
processes.
1. Introduction Concepts
Chapter 2
2. Control Terminology:
Controlled variables (CVs)
- these are the variables which quantify the performance or quality of
the final product, which are also called output variables (Set point).
Manipulated variables (MVs)
- these input variables are adjusted dynamically to keep the
controlled variables at their set-points.
Disturbance variables (DVs)
- these are also called "load" variables and represent input variables
that can cause the controlled variables to deviate from their
respective set points (Cannot be manipulated).
5
Development of Dynamic Models
Illustrative Example: A Blending Process
Chapter 2
d Vρx
w1 x1 w2 x2 wx (2-3)
dt
7
Conservation Laws
Theoretical models of chemical processes are based on
conservation laws.
Conservation of Mass
Chapter 2
Conservation of Component i
rate of component i rate of component i
accumulation in
9
For the processes and examples considered in this book, it
is appropriate to make two assumptions:
where H is the enthalpy per mole and w is the molar flow rate.
In order to derive dynamic models of processes from the general
Chapter 2
energy balances in Eqs. 2-10 and 2-11, expressions for Uint and Ĥ
or H are required, which can be derived from thermodynamics.
dx dV
V x w1x1 w2 x2 wx (2-15)
dt dt
Substitution of the mass balance in (2-12) for dV/dt in (2-15)
gives: dx
V x w1 w2 w w1x1 w2 x2 wx (2-16)
dt
After canceling common terms and rearranging (2-12) and (2-16),
a more convenient model form is obtained:
dV 1
w1 w2 w (2-17)
dt
dx w1 w2
1
x x x2 x (2-18)
dt V V 12
Chapter 2 Stirred-Tank Heating Process
14
Model Development
1. For a pure liquid at low or moderate pressures, the internal
energy is approximately equal to the enthalpy, Uint H , and
H depends only on temperature.
Chapter 2
Hˆ i C Ti Tref (2-34)
Chapter 2
wHˆ w C Ti Tref w C T Tref
(2-35)
4 variables: T , Ti , w, Q
19
Model Development
The overall mass balance;
d (V )
wi w (2-37)
dt
Chapter 2
From the definition of and ( wHˆ ) Eq. 2-33 and 2-34, it follows
that;
( wHˆ ) wi Hˆ i wHˆ wiC (Ti Tref ) wC (T Tref ) (2-39)
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Model Development (cont’d.)
where wi and w are the mass flow rates of the inlet and outlet
streams, respectively. Substituting (2-38) and (2-39) into (2-10)
gives;
d (VHˆ ) (2-40)
wi C (Ti Tref ) wC (T Tref ) Q
Chapter 2
dt
Next we simplify the dynamic model. Because ρ is constant,
Eq (2-37) can be written as;
(2-41)
dV
wi w
dt
The ‘chain rule’ can be applied to expand the left side of (2-40)
for constant C and ;
d (VHˆ ) dHˆ ˆ dV (2-42)
V H
dt dt dt
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Model Development (cont’d.)
From Eq. 2-29 or 2-33, it follows that dHˆ /dt CdT/dt .
Substituting this expression and Eq. 2-33 and 2-41 into Eq. 2-42
gives;
d (VHˆ ) dT (2-43)
C (T Tref )( wi w) CV
Chapter 2
dt dt
Substituting (2-43) into (2-40) and rearranging give;
dT
C (T Tref )(wi w) CV wiC (Ti Tref ) wC (T Tref ) Q (2-44)
dt
Rearranging (2-41) and (2-44) provides a simpler form for the
dynamic model;
dV
( wi w) (2-45)
dt
dT w Q
i (Ti T ) (2-46)
dt V CV
22
Chapter 2 Liquid Storage Systems
dt
dh
A qi q (2-54)
dt
24
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
Chapter 2
(2-64)
Chapter 2
(2-66)
27
Assumptions for the Unsteady-state Energy Balance:
8.
9.
10.
Chapter 2
11.
12.
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CSTR Model: Some Extensions
• How would the dynamic model change for:
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