Experiment No # 03

Objective:
To measure the back pressure on water hammering test set by the application of different
valves.

Apparatus:
o Water hammer
apparatus

Diagram:

Theory:
Water Hammering:
Water hammering affect occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline
system, and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. It is also called hydraulic shock. These
pressure waves create major problems from noise and vibration to pipe collapse. So it is
necessary to measure back pressure due to water hammering for the designing of piping
system.

Components of water hammer apparatus:

There are following components of water hammer apparatus:

e Solenoid valve
e Gate valve
e Ball valve
e Globe valve
e Butterfly valve
Solenoid Valve:
A solenoid valve is an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is controlled by an
electric current through a solenoid.

Applications:
Solenoid valves are commonly used for air, steam, oil and gas. It is also used in
refrigeration system.

Gate Valve:
A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve which opens by lifting a round or
rectangular gate/wedge out of the path of the fluid.

Applications:
Gate valves are used to permit or prevent the flow of liquids, and are typically for on/off
control rather than flow regulation. Because of their ability to cut through liquids, gate
valves are often used in the petroleum industry.

Ball Valve:
A ball valve is a valve which uses a hollow, perforated and
pivoting ball to control flow through it. It is open when the
ball's hole is in line with the flow and closed when it is
pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle. The handle lies
flat in alignment with the flow when open, and is
perpendicular to it when closed, making for easy visual
confirmation of the valve's status.
Applications:
Chlorine manufacturing or other gas processing applications
o High pressure applications for air or water (think fire-fighting for example)
Flowing systems on ships
Fire-safe lines for controlling water for fire suppression.
Globe Valve:
A globe valve is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a
movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.

Applications:
The following are some of the typical applications of Globe valves:
« Cooling water systems where flow needs to be regulated
Fuel oil system where flow is regulated and leak tightness is of importance
Feed water, chemical feed, condenser air extraction, and extraction drain
systems
Boiler vents and drains, main steam vents and drains, and heater drains
Turbine seals and drains
Turbine lube oil system and others
Butterfly Valve:
A butterfly valve is a valve that isolates or regulates the flow of a fluid. The closing
mechanism is a disk that rotates.
Applications:
The following are some typical applications of Butterfly valves:
o Cooling water, air, gases, fire protection.
o Slurry and similar services.
o Vacuum service.
o High-pressure and high-temperature water and steam
services.
o Compressed air or gas applications.

Procedure:
o All the Valves should be in open condition before switch
on the main supply.
w Switch on the apparatus main power supply. Ensure the emergency button is
released.
o Select which valve need to be tested first. If ball valve is being tested then turn on
the ball valve and not need to switch on the solenoid valve, similarly for solenoid
valve.
o After select the valve, switch on the water pump.
o Regulate the control valve to achieve desired flow rate
o Tare zero to the maximum reading of the pressure meter by pressing the maximum
soft button for few second
o Record down the maximum pressure reading by pressing on the maximum or
minimum soft button.
o Take at least 3 readings.
For gate valve
Observations For Globe valve
Table: For ball valve For butterfly valve
PI P2 PI P2 PI P2 PI P2
(kg/cm') (kg/cm') (kg/cm3) (kg/cm') (kg/cm3) (kg/cm3) (kg/cm3) (kg/cm3)

Conclusion: