IIEN01G

INTEGRATED IMAGE ENHANCEMENT &

CAREER PREPARATION
Class Rules
10 minutes late ONLY
STRICTLY NO CELL PHONES IN CLASS
No eating
No sleeping
Ask permission to go to the bathroom
If you are absent you must submit a letter
MEET DEADLINES!
What is Image Enhancement?
Objectives
To develop an understanding about hum
an nature and its influence on behavior

Become more self-aware and have a dee

per understanding about yourself and ot
hers

To develop an appreciation for diversity

What we will cover
 What is human behavior?
 What is personality?
 What makes us what we are?
 What are the components of personality?
 What are the theories of personality?
 Application of what we have learnt
Why bother studying pers
onality & behavior?
 Know thyself
The unexamined life is
not worth living!
Why Bother?...
 Self-awareness
 People are the most important organi
zational resource
 Improving self-confidence
 Building relationships
 Avoiding or managing conflicts
 Improving the quality of life and work
environment
Personality & Behavior
Development
What makes us what we a
re?

How do we become “us”?

What is human behavior?

Human behavior refers to the physic

al and emotional behaviors that hum
ans engage in; biologically, socially, i
ntellectually and are influenced by cu
lture, attitudes, values and genetics.
 What is Personality?

Personality is the overall set of qualities and

characteristics of a person shown in his/her manne
r.
These are the patterns of feelings, motives and
behavior that set people apart from one another.
 5 Components of Personality
1. Physical
This includes the mode of dressing, manner of walking, postu
re, facial expression and body language.
2. Intellectual
How a person talks and what they talk about. How his/her int
ellectual brain is developed.
3. Social
Good manners and knowing how to act in the appropriate se
tting.
4. Emotional
What the person like or dislikes. If he/she is shy,
calm or nervous.
How they react to certain situations.

5. Values System
This includes a personal beliefs, and philosophy.
How do they judge
actions based on what is right and wrong.
 Development of Personality

Nature vs. Nurture

Nature Nurture

Our genetics determine our Our environment, upbringing and

behavior. life experiences determine our
behavior.
Our personality traits and abilities
are inherited in our nature, We are “nurtured” to behave in
‘genes. certain ways.

We genetically inherit physical Our home, friends, school, work

traits from our parents, but we are all environmental factors that
also inherit personality traits. shape who we are.
Which of the two has a gr
eater influence on persona
lity and human behavior?
Will this child be more like his
birth parents? Or more like hi
s adoptive parents?
Epigenetics
“Epi” means “above” or “on top of” so Epigenetics refer
s to modifications that occur on top of your genes.

Environmental factors usually cause your cells and gen

es to change over your lifetime.

Your genetic code will always be the same but genes c

an be “turned on” or “turned off”.
 Sample study: Identical Twins

 Mary and Tina are identical twins raised in the same family.

 When they were young, their parents treated them the sa

me and they had similar interests and personalities.
 However, when they got older, they became more differen
t. They dressed differently and had different personalities.
 Mary was very confident, sociable and worked hard.

 Tina was less outgoing and very shy. She did not like leavin
g the house.

 WHAT HAPPENED TO THEIR GENES? …

The DNA of the twins began t
he same, but over the course
of their lives, different health
choices, lifestyle and environ
ment caused the DNA code t
o change.
Confirmed Research

Recent studies in the field of Epigeneti

cs have confirmed that our lifestyle ch
oices, the food we put into out bodie
s, the chemicals we are exposed to, h
ow active we are and even our social
environments can actually alter our pe
rsonality at the level of our gene.
What does this mean for the
Nature vs. Nurture debate?

We are not defined by our genes.

Our lifestyle choices actually impact
our genetic codes, causing certain tra
its to express themselves more or less
strongly.
Nature AND Nurture BOTH play a rol
e in the impact of our behavior and p
ersonality.
 Personality Theories

Psychologists study personality to discover patterns of feelings and behavior that set pe
ople apart from one another.

3 Common Types of Personality Theories:

1. Trait Theory- to understand individuals by breaking

down behavior patterns into observable traits.

2. Psychodynamic Theory- focuses on the mind:

the unconscious and conscious determinants of behavior.

3. Humanistic Theory- emphasizes on individual growth

and improvement of a person.

Trait theory
If someone asked you to describe a close friend’s perso
nality, what kind of things would you say?

Your answers will usually represent a person’s traits.

 The Trait theory is focused on differences between i

ndividuals.

 It is focused on identifying and measuring these indi

vidual personality characteristics.
Trait Theory Model

1. The “Big Five” Trait Model

This model represents five core traits that in
teract to form human personality.

Most Human Resource companies use this

model to help place employees.
The Big 5 Model (OCEAN)

Openness

Conscientious
Neuroticism ness

Agreeableness
Extroversio
n
 OPENNESS
It measures the individual’s ability to be open to any

kind of experience that helps him/her to do the job effectively.

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
It refers to the extent to which individuals show
consistent and reliable behavior while working in the org
anization.
EXTROVERSION
It focuses on the comfort level of an indi
vidual in interaction with others.
AGREEABLENESS
It refers to an individual’s behavior towards
others while interacting with them.
NEUROTICISM
Emotional stability refers to the ability of
an individual to control his/her emotions at the time of crisis
.
Trait Theory Model
2. Myers Briggs Theory
Myers-Briggs theory was developed by the mother-daughter partnership of Katherine
Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers.

The Myers-Briggs theory focuses on 4 preferences with they way you deal/see the wo
rld:

a. People and things ( Extraversion) OR Ideas and information (Introversion)

b. Facts and reality (Sensing) OR Possibilities and potential (Intuition)

c. Logic and truth (Thinking) OR Values and relationship (Feeling)

d. Structured lifestyle (Judgment) OR going with the flow (Perception)

 Myers-Briggs 4 Personality Types (MBTI)
1. Extroverted vs. Introverted: Concerned with the direction of your energy.

Extroverted individuals are outgoing, sociable and assertive, they like to direct their energy with people, thin
gs and situations.

Introverted individuals are quiet and shy. They prefer to direct their energy with ideas, beliefs, or the “inner
world”.

2. Intuitive vs. Sensing: Concerned with the type of information you process.

Intuitive prefer to rely on the unknown, the possibilities and looking at the bigger picture.

Sensing prefer dealing with facts, clarity, what you know and see.

3. Thinking vs. Feeling: Your style in decision making.

Thinking relies on reason and logic to handle problems.

Feeling relies on personal emotions and values.

MBTI continued…

4. Judging vs. Perceiving: What kind of lifestyle do yo

u adopt?

Judging types want control and prefer a structured worl

d.

Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.

 MBTI Preferences

Preferences Represents

Extroverted Introverted ENERGY- where we direct our

energy

Intuitive Sensitive MIND- how we process information

Thinking Feeling NATURE – How we make decisions

& cope with emotions

Judging Perceiving LIFESTYLE – what kind of lifestyle

do you adopt
Psychodynamic Theory

According to this approach, personality is shaped by

our inner struggles that we experience.

This theory is based on Sigmund Freud’s theories abo

ut the mind and stages of personality development.

This approach stresses the influence of the unconscio

us mind and its effect on personality.
 Psychodynamic Theory:
Sigmund Freud
 This theory states that much of our behavior is cause
d by parts of personality which are fund in the uncon
scious and of which we are unaware of.

 Freud believed that our conscious ideas and feelings

occupy only a small part of the mind.

 Our deepest thoughts, fears and urges remain outsid

e of our awareness --- which is in the unconscious.
Austrian neurologist
and founder of
psychoanalysis
FREUD: THE MIND

According to Freud, there are 3 level

s of consciousness:

1. The Conscious mind;

2. The Preconscious mind; and
3. The Unconscious mind
 Sleep and Dreams
 What happens to you when you are sleepi
ng?
 Your conscious mind is asleep

 While your subconscious mind is working

 When you are dreaming, your subconsciou

s mind is communicating with you
 Dreams come from the subconscious part
of our minds and are associated with our d
esires, fears and wishes.
The ID
• The only component of personality present from birth.
• This aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes
instinctive and primitive behavior.
• Demands instant gratification and pays no attention to rules or
others.
• Follows the pleasure principle

The EGO
• Guided by the reality principle
• Understands that we cannot always get what we want.
• The ego functions in both the conscious and unconscious mind.

The SUPEREGO
• Develops throughout early childhood
• Follows a moral principle
• It incorporates the standards and values of society.
• Provides us with our moral sense and conscience.
The Ego in Psychology

 According to Sigmund Freud’s theory, there are thr

ee parts to the personality: the id, ego, and supereg
o.

 The Ego in psychology therefore is the psychologica

l part of the personality that is represented by our c
onscious decision-making process. The reality princi
ple.
The Ego in everyday language

 The Ego means the extent to which one thinks high

ly of one’s self.
 It is a feeling of being superior to others.

 How important your self-image and your self-estee

m is.
Defense Mechanisms

The ID, Ego and Superego are continually in confli

ct with each other.
In order to deal with conflict or difficult situations t
he Ego goes through a range of defense mechanis
ms to control anxiety.
Defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious le
vel and help fight off unpleasant feelings.
 Defense Mechanisms
1. Repression- “to repress”

Forgetting or blocking out unpleasant thoughts, feelings and impulses.

2. Denial- “in denial”

Not accepting the truth.

3. Regression- “to regress, or go backwards”

Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior when faced with stress.

4. Rationalization- “to justify”

To justify unacceptable behaviors of ideas. It can protect one’s self-esteem but can
also prevent the person from dealing with the real situation.
 Defense Mechanisms
5. Displacement- “to displace”

Redirecting one’s feelings towards another person or object

6. Projection- “to project”

Believing that your feelings towards someone else are actually t

he same towards you.

7. Sublimation

Channeling one’s frustration towards a different goal

Controlling your Ego

 Your ego is YOU, your identity

 You can never get rid of it

 By understanding what the ego is, what it does to y

ou and to the people around you, you become a be
tter person.
 Your ego can be your best friend or your worst ene
my.
How to build and control you
r ego
1. Accept praise, but never believe it totally.

Remember to humble yourself and always know that there is more learn
and more to explore.

2. Don’t compete with anyone but yourself.

There will always be someone better than you. So focus on yourself, you
r progress and your growth.

3. Pay attention to those you hold close.

Your real and close friends are the one’s who want the best for you and
are not afraid to tell you the truth. Accept criticism even if it hurts.
How and when to use your e
go
1. When you feel pressured.

In moments when you feel the ultimate low, take your ego and r
emind yourself of what you are capable of.

2. Use your ego to face your fears.

When you feel you are hesistating or unsure, your ego can help y
ou take action.

3. When you are feeling insecure or doubtful

Use your ego to believe in yourself again.

Humanistic Theory
“Humanism” emphasizes on the unique qualities of humans esp
ecially their free will and their potential for personal growth.

This theory is based on the following ideas:

1. Humans have innate drive towards personal growth and self

-actualization.

2. Human’s have the free will to control their own destiny.

Maslow’s Theory of
Self-Actualization
 Abraham Maslow is an American psycho
logist who is best known for creating M
aslow’s hierarchy of needs.

 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is a motivat

ional theory compromising a five model
of human needs.
 Maslow’s idea is about developing the p
ersonality towards the ultimate achieve
ment of human potential: process of self
-actualization personal needs to work hi
s way up the succeeding steps in the hie
rarchy of needs.
WHAT IS SELF-ACTUALIZATIO
N?
 The growth of self-actualization refers to the need fo
r personal growth and discovery throughout a perso
n’s life.

 Self-actualization is when a person comes to find me

aning and purpose to life that is important to them.

 A person’s desire for self-fulfillment for him to beco

me actualized on what he is potentially.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF
SELF-ACTUALIZED PEOPLE

1.They perceive reality efficiently and can tolerate unc

ertainty.
2.Accept themselves and others for what and who they are.
3.Spontaneous in thought and action.
4.Highly creative
5.Great sense of humor
6.Has a deep appreciation of basic life experiences
7.Strong moral and ethical standards
8.Able to look at life objectively
9.Concerned with the welfare of humanity
Behavior leading to
self- actualization
1. Experience life like a child, with full absorption and concentrati
on

2. Trying new things instead of sticking to safe paths.

3. Listening to your own feelings instead of the voice of tradition

or majority.

4. Not being afraid to be honest.

5. Being prepared to be disliked, judged and unpopular.

6. Taking responsibility.

7. Trying to identify your defenses and controlling them.